Moral choices Essay

Miller shows several characters who are faced with difficult moral choices. They are changed by the experience and the audience go through catharsis watching them. How does millers treatment of moral issues add to the drama? In this essay I will write about how Arthur Miller, director of â€Å"The Crucible† uses moral issues in the play to add to the drama and the thrilling scenes throughout the play. Every character in the play is faced with at least one or more moral issues, I will look at the main characters issues and explain how it adds to the drama. In the play we see the events of the Salem trials in Massachusetts and we see exactly what the characters get up to and what issues face them throughout. The play was written in thought of the more recent events of the time in which it was made. Arthur Miller wanted to show the people what came of passing blame onto other people to try and get them to think right and treat people correctly. In 1938 the House un-American Activities Committee Organization was made; it had the power to investigate any movement or person who threatened the safety of the state. They looked for people who agreed with communism in the 1940’s. America and the USSR were fighting, America was helping Korea to keep the freedom. America was worried that communism would spread to there land and that capitalism would be destroyed. People were asked if they were communist sympathizers and sometimes charged. They were also asked if they knew anyone else who went to meeting, and then forced to give there name. Actors, writers and film directors appeared in the committee and lost there job and industry. This made Miller write the play so the view of what happened then would relate with what was happening at this time. The play was set in the 17th century, everything that we see today was much different then, although the society was a theocratic one just like today everything was different. The society had a massive male dominance and women were seen as much less than today. In the 17th century God was perceived as male and men were seen as the natural enforcers of his will. Women were seen as unstable because of there biological function. This was a time when peoples roles were clearly defined by gender. Women were made to walk with their head down and arms by their side. People weren’t aloud to indulge in anything that seemed to much fun, because they saw it as being related to the devil.

Pramanik Containers And The Bottleneck

Printing plates were hard to locate when required for repeat orders which lead to constant delay in start of work. Shank and his crew often had to work overtime to complete the orders due to mismanagement of plates. Biennials is not ready to spend any money to upgrade the system but puppyish wants to improve the storage of plates. He should look to outsource storage and delivery of plates to external firm and introduce ERP technology for the same. WORD COUNT: 120 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Paranoia containers Pat Ltd, established in 1977 was a family based business owned by Biennials Meta in Iambi.They used to manufacture customized aerosol containers and was the sole supplier of cans to BBC Pharmacy, a large NC since 1977. An informal meeting between Biennials Meta and Moan Sings, purchasing director of BBC Company had initiated the business partnership and within a year's time Paranoia supplied aerosol cans to BBC Pharmacy. Paranoia had created a value on its own through product quality and fast service. Many new customers tied up with Paranoia because of its ever spreading capability and quality service (for which they were known) which resulted into an annual sales of about RSI 315 million by 009.Biennials was also interested in bidding for new business and supply aerosol cans to Radiant healthcare who were entering Indian market to sell deodorants. Paranoia used to manufacture aerosol cans according to specific customer requirements biz. Size, shape, diameter of cans. These requirements were met by installation of 4 high speed automatic fabrication machines which operated at a rate of 25 cans per minute. The printing department had to decorate cans according to customers specifications and this required a high-capacity machine which could print 300 parts per minute.By 2010, Puppyish Meta son of Biennials Meta Joined his family business after completing his family managed business (FM) program. On his first day in the company he walked into the printing area and saw Shank, the head printer sleeping on the Job and also observed that operation management in printing department was in total mess. Printing plates required for printing process were hardly found in time resulting in delay of entire process. Upon enquiring from Rakes the Accounts Assistant of the company he got to know that plates used for new orders were kept in storeroom after use to be subsequently used in repeat orders.But there was no proper mechanism in place for arrangement of plates so they could not be located easily. So to compensate the time lost in finding the plates employees often worked overweight to complete the order. It resulted in extra costs as workers were paid overtime wages and new plates were made only in emergency orders in case old ones were not found. Paranoia received about 60 orders per day and manufactured 30,000 cans per day. It had produced nearly 30,000 designs during last 15 years. Plates of all these customers were maintained for use in case of n ew order. Maintaining accounts of such vast data required meticulous work.But Shank insisted that they should hire another person to maintain the registers as he was already busy running the machine but this was not acceptable to Biennials. Puppyish decided to deal with the problems and discuss the same with his father. Puppyish wanted to restructure the storage operations of plates in his company, but further investment is not acceptable to his father. So Puppyish has to come up with a concrete plan whether he should introduce technology for data maintenance of printing plates, reduce the extra costs which are paid for working overtime or he would hire extra employees to maintain the registers of plates.PROBLEM STATEMENT Improper management of print plates records leading to unnecessary load on the employees of printing department resulting to the low efficiency and extra costs. Biennials was not ready to make any investments in upgrading the present system. OBJECTIVES: 1 . To impr ove operation and time managing department of printing division with minimum extra cost. 2. To store and locate printing plates in an efficient manner. 3. To introduce technology for maintaining data of printing plates and customers orders. 4. To reduce excessive work load on employees. OPTIONS: 1.Buy a new warehouse or rent it to store printing plates. 2. To introduce technology like ERP system to maintain computerized data of printing plates. 3. Hire extra people to specifically maintain printing plates registers. 4. Outsourcing the work to some company so they can maintain data storage of printing plates properly. EVALUATION OF OPTIONS: OPTIONS o c s 1. Buying a new warehouse will require lot of investments initially as well further operations costs for running the facility as well buy new equipments. It would be beneficial for proper maintenance of plates, cost incurred would hinder its implementation. Introducing ERP system will professionalism the system. It would store inform ation of each and every plate and employees will be able to prepare printing plates whenever customers place their orders. But it will require huge setup cost and they will have to hire employees and train them. 3. Hiring employees for maintaining record of plates will be a better option keeping cost factor in mind. Although it will lead to extra costs but it will be negligible as they were paying Shank and his crew overtime wages. Also it will reduce unnecessary load of current employees and they will be able concentrate properly on their work.But for maintaining huge amount of data, use of technology is advisable. 4. Outsourcing maintenance of printing plates to external firm will help Paranoia to focus on its core service of manufacturing and supplying aerosol cans which they are known for. Printing plates can be made depending on customers order and the outsourcing firm can maintain the data according to that. This will help employees of printing department to focus on decoratio ns of cans and need not worry about locating plates for every order. But this implementation requires investment and he will have to convince his father who is not willing to spend any money.RECOMMENDATION: Puppyish should try to negotiate with his father and convince him to invest money in outsourcing firm and to reduce constant bottleneck in printing department. Although hiring new employees will avoid extra costs but recommendation would be to outsource the work to the external firm. As Paranoia is well known aerosol manufacturer company,they should focus on its better quality service and fast service and let the external firm take care of the records of printing plates. This will reduce load from Shank as well as his crews shoulders and they will be able to work efficiently on printing machines.CONNECTIONAL: Puppyish has to come up with a concrete plan and convince his father and take him into confidence to invest the money into the outsourcing firm by showing him that they are already spending extra cost due to mismanagement of printing plates so they can cut down on the unnecessary spending which is affecting the company and customers not receiving their delivery orders completely due to orders becoming an emergency order. To implement the idea of outsourcing firm Puppyish should ask his team to float tenders to invite firms interested in storing and delivering printing late.CONTINGENCY PLAN: Puppyish should implement ERP technology in the firm as the data storage of the printing plates will be computerized. It will equip the company and it would help him as the company looks to expand the business in the future. Word count-11 50 UNDERTAKING To Whom It May Concern: l, Rural Augural, hereby declare that this assignment is my original work and is not copied from anyone/anywhere. If found similar with sources, I take complete responsibility of action taken thereof by WAC team. Signature NAME: Rural Augural ROLL NO: 131246 SECTION: B

Analysis Of Daisy Miller By Henry James English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Daisy Miller By Henry James English Literature Essay In the story Daisy Miller, written by Henry James, James tells a story about a young American lady named Daisy Miller and her family members who are vacationing in Europe. Daisy is vacationing in a new world and is trying to find a way to learn and adapt to her new surroundings. She is trying to fit in with the high class society but due to her lifestyles differences she is not accepted in their world. Based on the story one would assume that the cause of Daisy’s death is consequential; however, there are several given points that suggest it was purely by coincidence and could have happen to anyone. Henry James proves this by the use of characters, setting, and symbolism. The other main character focused is Winterbourne is a â€Å"27-year old expatriate American bachelor† (Collins 1). Winterbourne was raised and received most of his education in Geneva, he is considered to be fairly quiet but highly educated, he understands the European lifestyles but keeps his own opi nion. â€Å"Winterbourne has lost the capacity for love and he has lost the opportunity to come to life.† (Ohmann 3). Daisy is turned off by him because she views him as a person that doesn’t enjoy life. She feels like he would rather study and be serious then actually live his life. Winterbourne has an instant attraction to her innocence and beauty. However, Daisy sees him as being â€Å"stiff and lifeless† (Wardley 4). The chemistry between Winterbourne and Daisy is apparent but because of her flirtatious attitude he feels like it’s just a game to her. Although he is an American, he has the European attitude and shows his self to Daisy. This shows the two worlds that collided; Daisy the American and Winterbourne the European. The setting for the story takes place in Europe. The country is known for its well educated citizens, taste for fine art and respect for social societies. Daisy wants to â€Å"experience in Europe† (Deakin 5). She is amazed at the lifestyles of the high class society and is taken away by the historical buildings and the people. It makes her feel like she is important because she is able to experience such a once in a lifetime opportunity. The culture is â€Å"primitive and refined in a developed taste† (Scheiber 3). The atmosphere in Europe is cool and calm. Only the fanciest and most expensive are for the European society. Many of the people in Europe have parties where people are to dress up in some of their finest clothes and come to gather. At these parties, many just stand around talking among each other while they listen to music and have a few drinks. Many of the people who attend this parties are considered to be high class or rich folks. Daisy attends many of this parties but is often rude because she either leaves early to wander the streets with other gentleman or she spends all her time talking to people who are not considered to be fairly important.

Research Component Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Component - Essay Example The individuals belonging to both the genders were interviewed. After the research process, the hypothesis was upheld. Crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society. With the increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve peace and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, mores and taboos were determined to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities came into being with the passage of time, to evade disturbance and control deviancy from the prescribed manners prevailing in some specific area. Punishment and penalties were implemented leading towards the formulation of the sets of laws and penal codes. Agencies were originated to cope with the individuals deteriorating the peace and stability of society. Abnormal attitude creating public nuisance was declared as crime against the state and its individuals. Durkheim views crime, states Coser (1977:141), as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. In his words: "Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and crime sometimes helps to determine the form they will take. How many times, indeed, it is only an anticipation of future morality--a step toward what will be." As criminal behavior contains universality in its concept, it is not limited to one social class or age group only. Though there is no hard and fast rule for the victimization of specific crime on specific group, yet there are some types of pestering which can be attributed to particular group or class. The nature of crimes varies from one age

Fortune 500 Companies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fortune 500 Companies - Research Paper Example Approximately two-thirds of the Fortune 500 companies are currently involved in offering partnership benefits. In order to understand this aspect better, it is important that concern is drawn as to what entails domestic partnership benefits (Rosenbaum, 1967). Ideally, domestic partnership benefits are those that an employer decides to give to an employee’s unmarried partner, regardless of the gender. Despite the numerous companies that are currently involved in offering domestic partnership benefits, this paper will only analyze Wal-Mart stores and Mayo Clinic. Offering of partner benefits, follows the passing of ordinance in 1996, with an essential requirement that companies involved in business with the city are mandated to offer equal benefits to their employees’ partners without any attribute towards gender orientation. The benefits offered by these companies are mainly in healthcare. For an employee’s partner to access the partner benefits, there are certain requirements that such an employee partner must acquire. Different companies have different requirements on who is eligible to access the benefits. For Wal-Mart stores, partners are only covered when they are legally married and never when legally separated (US News, 2013). Regardless of the gender of the partner, such an individual is only eligible for the benefits if the two are in a relationship in an equivalent of marriage for 12 months, and with an intention of sharing the particular household forever. It is also important that the partner to benefit from the offer must be 18 years old and above. Mayo Clinic currently has not set a particular deadline for which the partners in a relationship can start accessing the benefits (Berry and Seltman, 2008). However, in the case of same-sex partners, then the two have to marry in the case of Mayo Clinic, considering that same-sex marriages have been

Human resource development in multinational companies Essay

Human resource development in multinational companies - Essay Example To cope up with the competition, they are required to plan and implement strategies to develop the company’s human resources. In today’s globalized environment, it has become difficult for the managers to completely eliminate the threats that globalization has brought. Multinational companies face many of such difficulties in acquiring efficient staff in other countries. Multinational companies aim to build up their brand name and reputation. They need to provide the same quality and facilities in every country they are working in. However, the human resources available in different countries bring different challenges for them. They need to develop a plan to accumulate a workforce which could perfectly carry out the job the company aims to achieve. The concept of repatriation and expatriation is also worth mentioning here as the human resource development program must consider these concepts. As an expatriate gets the assigned work done in the other country and moves b ack to the host country, he faces the adjustment problems all over again. A complete and viable HRD strategy must also take in to account these workers who are sent abroad while working permanently in some multinational organization. Objective: The aim of this paper is to identify the key challenges faced by senior managers in today’s globalized business environment in achieving competent human resources. The paper also focuses on the researches made in this regard. In addition it provides recommendations to lessen or eliminate the difficulties in human resource development and reduce the employee turnover rate in the organizations. The study is designed in such a manner that would help in achieving the objective successfully. In the first step it provides a brief introduction about multinational organizations and their place in today’s business world. In the next step it

4. Using different newspaper articles on the recession and its origins Essay

4. Using different newspaper articles on the recession and its origins in the credit crunch assess how Webers explanation of value judgments and evidence might help us understand the different views - Essay Example (Hoenisch 2006). It clearly states that facts and information are different from values that exist in a judgment. We understand that a fact or evidence leading to a judgment is different from a value judgment. However, the question here is do facts and evidences on a situation enable us to make value based judgments? While we explore factual and perceptual information of the US recession, let us go over each piece of news from the leading dailies, over the last one year and carefully analyze and arrive at a consensus through Weber’s dichotomy understanding of facts and values. It is essential to arrive at a clear cut estimation of facts and the information stated in these dailies to understand their different views and the origination of the credit crunch. Body: Let us start off with the latest on the US recession. The Guardian reports â€Å"The US unemployment rate has hit a 26-year high after employers shed 663,000 jobs in March to cope with plunging demand for goods and deteriorating economic conditions. The March figures were in line with economists forecasts and they had little immediate impact on the financial markets. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was likely to open marginally higher at the opening bell on Wall Street.There was a degree of relief that the numbers were not worse. Peter Kenny, the managing director of Knight Equity Markets in New Jersey, said: "It gives the market a sense that we dodged a bullet in the very, very near term. Its positive in that it wasnt a blowout number of more than 750,000."Nevertheless, jobs were lost in every sector of the economy except for healthcare and education. The White House had been expecting bad news. Speaking ahead of the figures, President Barack Obamas spokesman, Robert Gibbs, said: "I think its safe to expect - without having seen them - that well see additional severe job cuts in America.† Despite the rising level of

Interracial Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interracial Relationships - Essay Example Hence, acculturation has been in vogue particularly from the second half of the last century, and people have not only given up the policy of ethno-racial hatred, but are also entering into matrimonial relationships with the individuals belonging to the races that were considered to be inferior and rival ones for the last many centuries. â€Å"Of course racial mixture is nothing new – it has been the history of the world. What stand out as novel are the forms of political contestation gathering around the topic of ‘mixed race’† (Parker & Song 2001, 1) 1 It is a reality beyond suspicion that there certainly exists a significant proportion of society that views his race as inferior one in comparison to others and enters into marital knot with some other ethnic group in order to conceal its complex on the one hand, and produce comparatively better generation in the form of bi-cultural children on the other. However, the history is replete with several examples of interracial love affairs, which end into happy marital union without displaying the slightest signs of inferiority complexes in the background. As we approach the twenty-first century biracialism and biculturalism are becoming increasingly common. Skin color and place of birth are no longer reliable signifiers of one's identity or origin. (O’Hearn 2008) The literary pieces, including â€Å"How It Feels to be Coloured to Me†, by Zora Neale Hurston, express the sentiment and feelings of the Blacks while their interaction with the majority white community of the USA. Similarly, Amiri Baraka's play â€Å"SOS† (1964) also serves as a gorgeous expression of the pain one feels out of the miseries and complexes the minority ethnic groups undergo while living far from their native land. The contemporary era has witnessed tremendous growth and developments in the field of communications in the aftermath of rapid technological advancements. Consequently, travelling fro m one part of the globe to the others has become vehemently popular, swift and easy. People move to the advanced regions, including the USA and Europe, in the pursuit of superior employment, health, education and career prospects, which has forced the people of divergent racial groups to live in the multi-cultural society and to work in the multi-racial organizations. Gone are the days when the African Americans were brought as slaves in chains for the labor, toil and substandard services from their native land, and were looked down upon by the Arabs, Turks, White Anglo Saxon Population (WASP) and others as inferior creature. As a result, an overwhelming majority of the Blacks, Chinese and Japanese marry the whites taking into a step towards their growth and progress in the social hierarchy. The Blacks were humiliated and abhorred by the whites and they were not allowed to travel and inter-dine even with the whites, and they were deprived of even basic necessities of life. The same was the fate of the yellow races including the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans and others. However, the situation took drastic turn and the brave and courageous Blacks launched the Harlem

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH Essay

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH - Essay Example Outbreaks of major diseases have been handled appropriately as drug companies and governments are able to transport medical supplies and experts within the shortest time possible due to globalization. In the United States, the relationship between globalization and human health is a very complex one as it has both positive and the negative side. This relationship which is described as an inexorable force, need to be understood and developed for the well-being of all human beings. The increased knowledge and new technologies in the United States has greatly improved the surveillance of infectious diseases and the monitoring of antibiotic resistance. The country has a major influx of both legal and illegal immigrants from different parts of the world due to globalization. It has greatly increased the country’s ability to respond to disease emergency cases in other parts of the world. During the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (S.A.R.S) in China, the United States had to take a stern measures so as to ensure that the deadly disease did not spread into the country. They issued travel advisories and close monitoring of its borders. Health care provision in the United States is mainly offered by many firms and organizations in both private and public sectors. Close to 21% of the health care services is offered by the government while 58% of the of the health care institutions are held by non-profit making community based organizations while the remaining percentage is for profit-making. The expenditure on health care by the United States accounted to 17.2% of the total Gross Domestic Product in the year 2011 (OECD, 2005). The United States per capita national expenditures on health care in the year 2013 amounted to $ 9,255 while the total national health expenditures was $ 2.9 trillion. In Mexico, health

Effective strategies in dealing with DUI offenders - Incarceration and Research Paper

Effective strategies in dealing with DUI offenders - Incarceration and Treatment - Research Paper Example This essay analyzes the traditional model of solving the issues of driving under the influence (DUI) is that the offender is incarcerated or fined. However, with increasing frequency, the traditional model of incarceration of fines has been supplanted by other ideas. Specifically, one of the ideas is that DUI offenders are amenable to treatment. Treatment programs have been around at least since the early 1970s, with the innovative for its time pilot project instituted by the City of Phoenix. Additionally, programs were also aimed at schoolchildren. These programs, unlike later programs, were geared towards individuals who had not yet offended, in hopes that they never would offend. The program which worked the best in this context was a â€Å"shock† program – students were shown grisly pictures of accidents. These programs were aimed at the primary audience. Other programs were aimed at a secondary audience, which consisted of individuals who had already offended. Thes e programs had limited success, according to Ross. However, other programs which concentrated on a variety of approaches have had success. These programs are considered to be DUI court programs. These programs typically require the offender to complete some kind of treatment protocol, check in with the judge on a regular basis and be intensely monitored. One program, in South Dakota, only monitored the offenders, on a continuous basis. These programs all showed a great degree of success, as indicated below. Less successful are traditional incarceration programs, according to Weinrath & Gartrell. (2001). They found that those sentenced to incarceration generally had a very high rate of recidivism. Incarceration treatment programs are a hybrid of incarceration and treatment programs, and this has had success, too, in reducing recidivism. Another aspect which has long been overlooked, however, and could be the key to long-term remission of alcohol-related problems, especially drunk dri ving, is the existence of psychiatric problems in persistent DUI offenders (Shaffer et al., 2007). Up until recently, this is a factor which has been rarely studied and is not generally made a part of typical DUI rehabilitation programs. That said, this article will go into detail about this aspect, because it is such a new factor which has been studied with regards to DUI treatment protocols. The hypothesis regarding the high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities with DUI offenders is that these psychiatric problems are going untreated, even in a typical DUI rehabilitation program. Because of this, long-term prospects for DUI offenders are limited. After all, the treatment programs listed in this paper do not posit about long-term effects of their programs, only short term ones of up to two years after the program has ceased. Incorporating psychiatric screening for every DUI offender might be the most effective program in the long run. TREATMENT The idea of treatment of the persi stent DUI offender has been around for a long time. For instance, in 1970, authors Ernest Stewart and James Malfetti wrote a book called Rehabilitation of the Drunken Driver. In this book, they advocated for the Phoenix DWI curriculum. The Phoenix DWI curriculum acknowledges that DWI violators can be helped if they â€Å"understand the foregoing assumptions [that 'Alcohol reduces the skills needed in driving: vision, perception, judgment, motor response] and to consider and adopt ways to improve their own DWI behavior† (Stewart & Malfetti, 1970, p. 25). In other words, the Phoenix program during this time was geared towards helping individuals understand the effects of alcohol consumption upon driving, and how alcohol consumption is detrimental to driving. This pilot program included a class which had the stated purpose of helping the students of the class understand how alcohol affects driving skills. The students are also reinforced that their behavior

Brigade system Essay Example for Free

Brigade system Essay The next time a restaurant kitchen delivers a complex meal to the dining room, deftly timed and executed, consider the fact that this military precision is no accident. The traditional system of kitchen structure the brigade led by the chef has venerable roots in European military organizations. From the 14th century on, traveling armies had to be fed; cooks were selected from among the ranks. During peacetime, rulers set up tournaments to keep their warriors prepared for future battles; the military cooks followed knights to castles and ultimately became the cooks to kings and nobility, orchestrating huge and complicated meals and feasts for vast entourages. Trade guilds soon developed; these were carefully controlled monopolies for cooks that ensured the membership steady employment. Expensive and exclusive, these guilds adopted uniforms, rigid hierarchies, and systems of exhaustive apprenticeship. Until after the French Revolution and the subsequent rise of restaurants, this caste of cooks continued to work exclusively for the aristocracy. The classic double-breasted white jacket is vestigial it originated when chefs were servants of the king and presumably might be called upon to serve in battle as well as in noble households. By the 1820s, chefs were wearing uniforms purportedly based on those worn by soldiers in the Turkish army. White eventually became the standard to emphasize cleanliness and good sanitation. There are numerous unsubstantiated legends about the origins of the chefs tall white toque; one version attributes it to the tubular black hats worn by Greek Orthodox priests. Antonin Carà ªme, the 18th-century chef to Tallyrand and various Rothschilds, is also credited with bringing the toque into the kitchen. Supposedly inspired by a womans hat, he inserted a snappy cardboard tube into his cap, and the style caught on. Traditional stiff, pleated toques are about 8 inches tall, but executive chefs wear them up to 12 inches. The story told in my culinary school is that the extra-tall headgear enables subordinates in need of guidance to quickly spot the chef in a crowded kitchen. (Of course, the women students circulated an alternate theory.) Late in the 19th century, following a French army career, gifted chef Georges-Auguste Escoffier developed the modern brigade system in Londons Savoy Hotel. For maximum efficiency, he organized the kitchen into a strict hierarchy of authority, responsibility, and function. In the brigade, widely adopted by fine-dining establishments, the general is the executive chef, or chef de cuisine, assisted by asous chef. Subordinate are the chefs de partie, each in charge of a production station and assisted by demi-chefs and commis(apprentices). The number of station chefs can get exhaustive, including the saucier (sauces),poissionier (fish), grillardin (grilled items),fritteurier (fried items), rotissier (roasts), garde manger (cold food), patissier (pastries), andtournant (roundsman, station relief). Today, most restaurants use some simplified variation of Escoffiers kitchen brigade. Typically, the executive chef coordinates kitchen activities, sets standards, manages costs, and directs training and work efforts. The sous chef sees that the food is prepared, portioned, and presented according to the executive chefs standards. The line cooks run the stations and prepare menu items according to specifications, aided by assistants and apprentices.

Conflict Analysis of Main Character in “The Clinic”

Conflict Analysis of Main Character in â€Å"The Clinic† Conflict Analysis of the Main Character in â€Å"The Clinic† Movie Synopsis Proposal CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Literature is intimate experience of an author carefully expressed in concrete images, through the use of structure, imaginative style and luxurious metaphors. It is not practical or logical communication, but an aesthetic experience. Literature can be divided into three parts. They are prose, poetry, and drama. Literary works is a life reflection of human living relating to conditions, interactions and conflict in the stories (Taylor, 1981, p. 5). Literary works contain aspects and elements that occur in the real life, such as: love, sufferance, struggle, happiness and sadness. In addition, literary works consists of several basic elements. They are plot, theme, character, point of view, and setting. The common parts of a plot are: the exposition or preliminary situation, the inciting or exciting force, or challenge, the rising action, or complication, the climax, or turning point, and the denouement, or resolution. Movie is a kind of literary work that explores that human imagination using imagery, adventure and experiences, in order to see life more interesting (Boggs, 1999, p. 3). In the movie there are a lot of character, the characters are important to make the movie run smoothly. 1.2 Identification of the study Thrillers movie is one of genres movie that offers mystery and suspense to the audience. â€Å"The clinic† is included as thriller movie. â€Å"The Clinic† movie talk about the struggles of the woman who is loss of their infants. Their struggles breeds many conflict, like that happened in Beth’s character when she struggle to find her infant. Conflict is the basic drama of the opposition experienced by characters as response to the dramatic emergence of these forces (the conflict could be quarrels between character with the idea or the environment)†. 1.3 Limitation of the study The analysis of this research is limited to internal and external conflict of the main character in â€Å"the clinic† movie. 1.4 Formulation of the study 1. what are conflict faced by the main character based on Lewis Coser theory? 2. how are the conflicts in â€Å"the clinic† movie ? 1.5 Objective of the study 1. To describes how Beth faces her own conflict. 2. To describe how are conflicts in â€Å"the clinic† movie 1.6 Significance of the study There are several significance of this research, there are: a. To increase the readers and me knowledge about literary work especially conflict. b. To improve the interest of the readers in understanding of movie. c. To increase the readers and the writer knowledge about character, main character and minor character in the movie. d. To help the next researcher or the students of English Department in understanding of conflict in the movie. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATE LITERATURE The description of Movie Movie is dramatized representation of reality and it is included in one of fiction. According to Griffith (2011, p. 20) â€Å"fiction to describe prose works that tell a story about events that never happened in real life† According to Bluestone (1956, p. 6) â€Å"films are originally a product of a genuine folk-art. At the very beginning of things we find the simple recording of movement, galloping horses, railroad trains, fire-engines, sporting events, street scenes†. Berry Keith Grant (in Virginia, 2002, p. 163-164) categories of genres as fellow: comedy film, crime film, disaster films, suspense or thrillers film, epic films, erotic films, film noirs, gangster films, horror films, melodramas, musical films, science fiction films, sports films, war films, and western films. 2.1 Character Character is very important element in literary works. The character can be human, or even animal. In a movie, the character usually dominated by human as the character. The personality of the character will lead the character to act such emotional, behavior, and all the logical things that deals with the problems which be faced by the character. The character according to Robert (1993:20): â€Å"characters are the person present in dramatics of narrative work, who are interpreted by reader as being endowed with the moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in the dialogue and what they do in action.† 2.1.1 The main Character A major is main character that develops the plot of the story and always appears on the story. The major character has significance roles in the story. It means that major character occupies most part in plot or events that are occurred in a story. The main character is sometimes called a protagonist whose conflict with an antagonist may spark the story’s conflict. Beth and Cameron are the main character in â€Å"The clinic† movie. 2.1.2 The Minor Character The minor characters can be defined as the supporting characters of the major characters that their function is to illuminate the major characters. The appearance of minor characters is usually infrequently. The minor characters role are also seems not important as the role of the main characters, although the minor characters sometimes related to the major character directly. Veronica, ivy, Allison, Hank, Ms. Shepard, Duncan, etc are the minor characters in this movie. 2.2 Conflict The conflict of the human happened because human has a limited and restricted capacity to satisfy most of his need. When human endure the conflict, this can cause human to react and brings out the extremes of human energy, human may take action, decision, response, and interactions toward the conflict which they are facing. 2.2.1 The definition of conflict Conflict is necessary to every fiction works; there is usually one major conflict. Conflict is also the essential part to the plot, without conflict there will be no plot. The conflict usually becomes clear to the beginning of a story. Conflict is a struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources in which the aims of the opponents are to neutralize, or eliminate their rivals. 2.2.2 Types of conflict Internal conflict is more commonly referred to as â€Å"man vs. self â€Å", as the name suggests, it deals with a character having to overcome and change something about his or her being that they are struggling against what they have in mind. External conflict is the struggle of the character against the force from outside. There are several kinds of the external conflict that the character might face. First, the character against another characters. Second, the character against the society, third, the characters against the nature force. CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to gather and compose the data in this research, the library research is applied as the method of analysis in this research. The relevant data that found as the source of the data idea which support to the topic being discus in this research all are collected and then applied in finishing this research. 3.1 Technique of collecting data In making this research, the researcher went through various stages of collecting the data. First, the researcher went to the movie corner and found out this movie. Then, the researcher watched the movie. Having watched the movie, the researcher made the topic and outline of the study. After deciding the problem formulation, the researcher to analyze the courage which can be found in the character of Beth, and the researcher went to the library and browsed the internet to find more info. Technique of analyzing data The data analyzing applied when all the primary data from the movie is collected and selected, as the data from movie is in the dialogue, which concern about the classification of conflict found from the main characters that has been chosen to the most significant data, then the data will be interpreted and to be brought into this research as the subject matter of the analysis, that is the main characters conflict found from the movie. Next the analysis will be stated by explaining the conflict of the main characters based on the definition and the classification of the conflict as descriptions above which reflected in â€Å"The Clinic† movie. BIBLIOGRAPHY Deetz, Stanley. A and Sheryl. L. Stevenson. 1986. Managing interpersonal Communication. New York: chapter Row Publisher. Diyanni, Robert. 2001. Literature Reading, Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. McGraw Hill International Edition. Nurgiyantoro. Burhan. 2012. Teori Pengkajian Sastra. Gadjah Mada University Prees.

A Major Issue In Educational Management Education Essay

A Major Issue In Educational Management Education Essay Education is the concern of each and every individual. It is the backbone of every civilized society. In its centre lies the school. Since the birth of civilization, the school has been a major concern for the rulers and governments. The Education for all (EFA) movement launched at Jomtien, Thailand in 1990, had as aim to bring the benefits of education to every citizen in every society (World Bank 2009). The movement brought a new dimension to education. Developing countries started to invest huge amount of money for the betterment of their education system which they consider as the key to their prosperity. In this process, the school was subjected to great reforms so as to cater for the goals of individuals, societies and nations. The School is a complex open social system. It provides a balance between scientific management and human relations approach. The system is extremely dynamic. In this system the structure is a key element in transforming inputs into outputs. The structure, also called the bureaucratic expectations, defines our role and responsibilities. It has been organized in such a way so as to fulfill the organizations goals (Hoy and Miskel 2004). This dissertation will be based primarily on the bureaucratic part which is a major issue in educational management. The world is flat, Friedman (2005) rightly said. We are witnessing the flattening of structures in all settings and at different levels. The Weberian model of bureaucracy is being questioned. The pyramidal shape structure is becoming irrelevant. Even the school setting has not been left apart. All schools do not follow the same structure; some have an enabling or productive structure whereas others still have a coercive or hindering structure (Hoy and Miskel 2004). Schools are social organizations with set objectives together with their human, financial, material and physical resources (Dash and Dash 2008). Therefore, school management is a crucial and complex matter. The one responsible for managing these resources is usually centered on one person who is called the headmaster or principal or rector. He has the responsibility of both the internal and external management of the school. This situation no longer holds good. Reforms were necessary in different spheres, settings and levels in order to bring change and transformation in school management. School management is a cooperative human endeavor, as Dash and Dash (2008) rightly pointed out. For an effective school management, teachers, parents, students and even the community members have to cooperate with the head of school (Dash and Dash 2008). This is the description of the concept of decentralization in school management which has been the driving force of educational reforms in the 1990s. Many schools adopted this school-based reform in many developing countries (Ng and Chan 2008). School-based management then came to light. The Economic Note (2007) defined School-based management as the systematic decentralization to the school level of authority and responsibility to make decisions on significant matters related to school operations within a centrally determined framework of goals, policies, curriculum, standards, and accountability. It ensures significant, systematic, and sustained change as well as improving outcomes for every students in whichever settings and contr ibuting socially and economically to a country (Caldwell 2005). Decentralization or school-based management varies from country to country and it can take different shapes (Economic Note 2007). One way of achieving this decentralization is through distributed leadership. Leadership is the new trend in education worldwide. It is crucial for all transformation and innovation (Spillane, Halverson and Diamond 2004). It is about empowering others as partners in leadership (Huber 2004). This concept was meant with the aim of de-loading the duties and responsibilities of the rector. Everyone now share the different responsibilities in managing the school. School management is not a simple task even in a small country like Mauritius, with a population of about 110,000 secondary students and 200 secondary schools. The concept of school-based management has been implemented to some extent even in our local schools. As early as Future in our hands by K. Jagatsing (1979), up to the recent Education and Human Resources Strategy Plan 2008-2020 report, stressed were laid on the concept of decentralization in school management. Our Honorable Minister of Education, Dr. V.K.Bunwaree, talked about the decentralization of school management in these terms : While the School Development Plan is available in all institutions as an indication of the direction to follow, the Rector needs support and resources to make critical decisions on a day-to-day basis. These decisions may well relate to pedagogical matters as much as to disciplinary cases. Nevertheless, it is also vital to understand that a Head of School cannot do it alone. He/She will have to r esort to some delegation of responsibility and especially know when and how to do it (School Management Manual, 2009). New posts were created and distributed leadership is becoming more and more a reality. 1.1 Problem statement The Mauritian education system is very hierarchical where all decisions are centralized on very few individuals. This rigid Weberian model of bureaucracy was inherited from our British colonial past. It had a quite coercive structure which is gradually being changed in an enabling one at all levels from pre-primary to tertiary education. This dissertation will consider the model which has been opted for by the Ministry of Education at secondary school level. There are three types of secondary schools in Mauritius namely State Secondary Schools and State Colleges, Private Secondary Schools and Fee Paying Schools (Ministry of Education and Human Resources 2012). The Private secondary schools can be further classified into private aided and private un-aided schools. These schools are under the aegis of the Private Secondary School Authority (PSSA). Another classification of these schools is based upon their related confessions (PSSA 2012). At secondary school level, all managerial activities are centered on the rector. He is the only one responsible for the smooth running of the school. In the decentralization process of school-based management, the government created some new posts sharing the complex responsibilities of the rector. These posts as well as the duties and responsibilities they are entrusted with, are not the same in state secondary schools and private secondary schools. In Private secondary schools, we have the Head of Department HoD and the Section Leader posts that bring about the distributed leadership in the school-based management process. The HoD is mainly concern with academic issues of the school. Teachers are divided into various departments according to the subjects they teach. The head of department provide leadership to the department. He helps the rector in monitoring teaching and learning in his department (PSSA 2010). The post of Section Leader is a rather new one which has been appointed in 2010 following the Pay Research Bureau recommendations of 2008. This post is exclusively found in Private secondary schools. It is mostly an administrative post. The section leader is responsible the rector in solving indiscipline issues absences, etc. He must assist the rector in planning, organizing and coordinating activities. Pastoral care is also under his responsibility. He is to assist the rector in conducting examinations, preparation and distribution of time-tables (PSSA 2010). This dissertation will analyze to what extent are the heads of department and the section leaders helping the rector in school management. The relevance, effectiveness and efficiency of these posts in private secondary schools will be dealt in depth. 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.2.1 Aims The aim of the study is to find out the efficiency, effectiveness and relevancy of distributed leadership in school-based management in private secondary schools in Mauritius with special reference to the role of section leaders and heads of department. 1.2.2 Objectives To evaluate the impact of distributed leadership in private secondary schools. To find out whether distributed leadership is considered as a solution to the various issues facing private secondary schools. To measure the extent to which the posts of section leader and head of department have decrease the work load of the rector. To evaluate the effectiveness of these posts in bringing flexibility in managing the schools. To evaluate the improvement, if ever, in the relationship between teachers and rectors. To find out the impact of these posts on the teachers and their duties. To find out whether these posts are sources of motivation for teachers or not. To compare the application of these two posts in schools with different settings and measure their respective efficiency, effectiveness and relevancy. 1.3 Research questions According to the objectives of the study, the research questions have been formulated as follows: (1) What is the impact of distributed leadership in secondary schools in general and in private secondary schools in particular? (2) How is distributed leadership being applied in private secondary schools? (3) Is distributed leadership the proper solution in solving issues facing these schools? (4) How is the creation of the post of section leader and HoD decreasing the workload of the rector in these schools? (5) Have these posts brought more flexibility in the school management? (6) Has there been any improvement in teacher-rector relationship by the introduction of section leader and HoD? (7) What is the impact of section leaders and Hods on the teachers and their responsibilities? (8) Is the creation of these posts a motivation for teachers? (9) What are the different responsibilities of section leaders and HoDs in different schools? 1.4 Flow of dissertation Chapter One: This chapter is about the introduction of the dissertation. It comprises of the background, problem statement, aims, objectives and research questions. Distributed leadership is introduced and explained in brief terms from an international to a local perspective with precisions on the posts of HoD and Section leader. Chapter Two: It is the literature review chapter where literatures from the world of education were selected and written down. Both the international and local perspective were taken into account. It starts with definitions and explanations of key terms such as leadership, management and administration in the education sector. Then the school structure and the major reforms in it were elucidated. Decentralization, School-based management and distributed leadership were explained together with their criticism. Teacher leadership was given also mentioned which included the HoD and other middle manager posts. Furthermore an overview of the Mauritian context with the application of distributed leadership in Mauritian schools was explained. Chapter Three: It is the methodology chapter. Two schools were selected namely the Aleemiah Forms I-VI Boys College and the girls department of the Cosmopolitan College. The mix method was adopted to collect data. Interviews were carried out with rectors, HoDs and Section leaders. Two observations were carried out in both schools. Survey questionnaires were distributed to educators in both schools. Chapter Four: It is the result and discussion chapter where the data were thoroughly analyzed. SPSS were used to make bar-charts, pie-charts and cross-tabulations. The results obtained from observations and interviews were written and analyzed with relation to the literature review. Chapter Five: It is the conclusion and recommendation chapter. All the research questions were answered. The aims and objectives of the dissertation were reached. Some recommendations were made for a better distributed leadership in schools.

Sojourner Truth :: Free Essay Writer

Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth was born a slave named Isabella Baumfree sometime in 1797 in Ulster county, New York. The exact date of her birth is to this day unknown, but it is believed to have been sometime during the fall. She developed her characteristics of courage and dependability from her mother, Mau Mau Bett, at an early age. Isabella was first owned by a Dutch named Charles, who was happened to be a decent slave owner. At his death, she was separated from her mother and auctioned to another set of plantation owners, the Neelys. Isabella was highly mistreated here as they took their dislike of the Dutch community out on Isabella, who spoke hardly a word of English. She was bought and sold three times within the next twenty-four months, the final purchaser being a man named John Dumont for the incredibly low bargaining price of three hundred dollars. Dumont needed more slaves for his New York plantation. He always bragged that Isabella was the hardest working slave on the plantation. Seeing this, he forced her to marry a fellow slave known as Tom. Isabella gave birth to five children within the next five years. Two years before the emancipation act of 1828, in which all slaves within New York were freed, Dumont promised Isabella that if she were to work extra hard the next year, he would set her free a year early. She did just that; she was the even harder working already hardest working slave on the plantation. In her speeches, she spoke of the living conditions many slaves were forced to endure, crowded together into cabins with no privacy, overworked, fed scraps in many cases, and clothed raggedy scraps. Her audiences must have felt the shame as Truth recalled the auction block, upon which men and women alike were frequently forced to strip and stand before potential buyers, who would search their bodies for marks of the whip or of wrist or leg irons, the presence of which would indicate the slave had been frequently punished. The slaves would be forced to endure impersonal and degrading inspections of their teeth, muscles, and other body parts, depending on what the buyer was looking for in the purchase. When the time came, though, Dumont broke his promise. Isabella, realizing she had been tricked, escaped with her infant child in her arms in October of 1827 to the refuge of a Quaker family.

The Spanish-American War :: American America History

The Spanish-American War During the last years of the nineteenth century, the United States would find itself involved in what John Jay, the American secretary of state, later referred to as a "splendid little war; begun with highest motives, carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit, favored by that fortune which loves the brave." From an American standpoint, because there were few negative results, and so many significantly positive consequences, John Jay was correct in calling the Spanish-American War a "splendid little war." The defeat of the Spanish forces marked the end of their rule in the Americas and also marked the rise of the United States as a global military power. The Spanish-American War affected the United States in a number of other ways. It helped speed the construction of the Panama Canal and also resulted in the U.S.'s acquisition of foreign territories. There were also many other minor positive outcomes to the war as opposed to the few negative consequences that resulted. The Spanish-American War was the brief conflict that the United States waged against Spain in 1898. The war had grown out of the Cuban struggle for independence, and whose other causes included American imperialism and the sinking of the U.S warship Maine. The actual hostilities in the war lasted four months, from April 25 to August 12, 1898. Most of the fighting occurred in or near the Spanish colonial possessions of Cuba and the Philippines, nearly halfway around the world form each other. In both battlegrounds, the decisive military event was the complete destruction of a Spanish naval squadron by a vastly superior U.S. fleet. These victories, after brief resistance, brought about the surrender of the Spanish to U.S. military forces as indicated by a peace treaty signed between the two countries on December 10, 1898, in Paris, France. In the end, the Americans had minimal casualties, while the Spanish suffered immense fatalities and damage to their naval resources (Encyclopedia Br itannica). The Spanish-American War marked the end of Spain's colonial empire and the end of its rule in the Americas. Since the early 19th century, Americans had watched the series of revolutions that ended Spanish authority throughout South America, Central America, and Mexico. Many people in the United States, however, were irritated by the fact that the Spanish flag continued to fly in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Spain's brutal ways of putting down Cuban demands for some form of personal liberty aroused feelings of sympathy and anger among Americans (Chidsey).

Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education Education is an essential element to the life of every person. Teachers must have a philosophy of teaching to be effective in the classroom. No matter what way of teaching an educator chooses, it should positively affect his or her students and help to keep them on track to growing into strong intelligent adults. If a child is placed in a positive environment, then it will help shape them into good citizens. According to Plato, a student's environment determines his or her morals and character. It is very important for children to be able to function in society and to learn to interact well with other people; providing a positive learning environment plays a crucial role in instilling these characteristics. If all teachers would stress these concepts there would be a lot less discipline problems in the classroom. Philosophy Discipline plays a key role in the learning environment of the child. A teacher must have an effective discipline method to keep order in the classroom. The view of behaviorists seems to work in most situations. If positive reinforcement is utilized in the classroom, students will want to do well academically. Punishment often times causes students to rebel against authority. If the teacher rewards students for good behavior, then they will want to be consistent in their behavior they will see that this will benefit them. Knowledge is dependent upon the person and their situation, therefore the nature of knowledge is relative. Everyone is different and can not be expected to learn in the same manner. Some students learn best through experiencing things and doing things hands-on, these students are tactile-kinesthetic learners. Some students are auditory learners, ... ...variety of viewpoints. Elementary teachers should make sure that children have a good foundation in reading and math. It is very important that children have the basic skills that they need to build on and excel in the higher grades. As graduation approaches, my plans are to obtain a certificate in special education, concentrating on children with learning disabilities. After teaching for a few years, I plan to pursue a graduate degree in special education while I am still teaching. Educating young people is something that is very important to the future of society. As an educator, I would like to make a difference in the lives of my students. Upon leaving my classroom, I hope that my students will become open-minded and strong of heart. I want them to know what kind of things that they enjoy and to think of learning as a wonderful and valuable experience.

Emotional and Moral Development

Developmental psychologists recognized that when an individual begins life, we are all amoral or in other words, an individual do not yet have the rudiments of moral judgment.   By the time an individual becomes adults, however, he/she may possess a complex notion of morality.   Morality is defined by most psychology books is a system of personal values and judgments about the fundamental rightness or wrongness of acts, and of an individual’s obligations to behave in just ways that do not interfere with the rights of others. Moral development on the other hand, is the acquisition of moral standards and the ability to make judgments.   But how do an individual evolve from amoral to moral, from a total lack of understanding on responsibilities to a complex perception of right and wrong? This question has occupied the attention of many developmental psychologists.   The two most influential psychological researchers on moral development were Lawrence Kohlberg and Piaget as Kohlberg’s research on moral development was heavily influenced by Piaget`s cognitive development. According to Kohlberg, people progress through stages in the development of moral reasoning. I would like to choose the children, adolescence, and adulthood emotional and moral-related life events and apply understanding of emotional and moral development. Moral development in Children.   Piaget (1975) called the first period in a child’s moral development as moral realism. Before the age of seven or eight, the child has little concern for the reason that specific behaviors are allowed or forbidden; he is a self-centered creature, and his mind does not seem flexible enough to fully comprehend the violation of rules as an interference with others (which theoretically, provides the basis for morality). Another label for the early moral realism period is the rules stage, a term that suggests that a child blindly follows rules without reason or unreasoning adherence to authority.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Kohlberg, this stage of moral development is known as preconventional morality that is exemplified by most children at the preschool years (Fischer, 1993). Preconventional morality is a kind of self-serving approach to right and wrong where children tend to behave in certain ways in order to avoid being punished and in certain ways to obtain rewards.   In his longitudinal study of moral judgment, Kohlberg (1976) reinterviewed several children at different points in time.   At age 8, John, one of the participants, was asked, â€Å"Why shouldn’t you steal from a store?† John’s preconventional response was:   It’s not good to steal from the store.   It’s against the law.   Someone could see you and call the police† (Kohlberg, 1976). At this lowest level of moral development, children have not internalized a personal code of morality.   Rather, they are molded by the standards of adult caregivers and the consequences of adhering to or rejecting these rules. Moral development during Adolescence.   It is during early adolescence stage that a person’s sense of right and wrong typically matures to the level of conventional morality as Kohlberg calls it.   Conventional morality is the level shown by most adolescents and some adults (Colby et al., 1983). Maintaining conventional expectations has a moral value in its own right.   From Kohlberg`s (1976) study; at age 17, John’s conventional-level response to the question about stealing from a store was:   â€Å" It’s a matter of law.   It’s one of our rules that were trying to help to protect everyone. It’s something that’s needed in our society.   If we didn’t have these laws, people would steal, they wouldn’t have to work for a living.  Ã‚   Here, the motivating force behind behaving in a just or moral fashion is the desire either to help others and gain their approval or to help maintain the social order.   Individuals at the conventional level make moral judgments on the basis of expectations – those of the family, the social group, or the nation at large. As young adolescents progress through these stages, they begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult or role models. Moral development in Adulthood.  Ã‚   The next level of moral judgment is postconventional level and only a few individuals may progress to this final level. Though a person may progress from conventional to postconventional level any time during adolescence, Kohlberg maintained that only about 25 percent of adults in the world progress beyond the conventional level, and most of these individuals do so sometime during their adult years. Moral judgments at the postconventional level transcend the authority of persons or conformity to groups.   Now, values and principles guide moral judgments.   Individuals at this level may understand and accept society’s rules and laws but tend to view them in terms of the underlying principles.   Postconventional morality affirms people’s agreed-upon rights and exhibited in such statements as; â€Å"People have a right to live†, â€Å"If you steal the drug, you won’t lived up to your own ideals†. Hence it affirms values agreed on by society, including individual’s rights and the need for democratically determined rules and guided by universal ethical principles in which they do what they think is right as a matter of conscience, even if their acts conflict with society’s rules.   As stated, not many people reach this level of moral reasoning. Only those who develop the abstract reasoning of formal operational thought may come to this level. Hence the exact nature of the stages and their sequence in moral development of an individual remain an open question. But one thing is clear though, that moral development is not fixed at adolescence, but rather continues throughout adulthood.   Also, how quickly and how far people progress in moral development depends on a number of factors, including their cognitive development.   One thing is certain though, that moral judgment and moral behavior are important aspects of an individual’s personality development. References Colby, A., Kohlberg, L.,Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983).   A longitudinal study of moral development.   Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48 (1-2, Serial No. 200). Fisher, K.W. (1993).   Commentary:   Illuminating the processes of moral development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48 (1-2, Serial No. 200). Kohlberg, L. (1976).   Moral stages and moralization:   The cognitive-developmental approach.   In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior:   Theory, research and social issues. New York:   Holt, Rinehart, Winston. Piaget, J. (1975). The moral judgment of the child.   New York:   The Free Press.                                                                           

Good and Evil and Generosity Essay

Generosity is seeing others more important than you. It is giving everything you have without expecting something in return. No matter they hurt you or abandon you, you still keep on loving them the same as before. You don’t get offended by what they do. You don’t look at their imperfections. Thus, generosity is related to unconditional love. The same as the father in the parable. For him, both sons are everything. In them he wants to pour out his very life. It is clear that the father symbolizes God. The God whose goodness, love, forgiveness, care, joy, and compassion have no limits. The God who welcomes us when we go back or gives us what we’ve asked. As the famous verse goes, â€Å"ask and you will receive; seek and you will find’ knock and the door will be open. † God is so good. He loves us so much that he gave us His only son; but it breaks our hearts that many are abusing His love. God created us in his own image and likeness. Thus, we need to become like Him. We must be as generous as the father is generous. Just as the father pour out his life to his children, so we must give ourselves to our brother and sisters. This giving of self is a discipline because it is something that does not come spontaneously. As the saying goes, â€Å"if you love, be ready to be hurt. † Using the perspective of a generous person, we say that it is wrong. Loving is giving; giving everything. If you truly love a person, you should not be affected by little things. You shouldn’t be jealous. It’s the nature of love. Every time we take a step in the direction of generosity, we are moving from fear to love. But these steps are hard. Why love if you’ll be hurt? Why waste your time and effort to someone who doesn’t care or doesn’t appreciate you? Why should we share our life with someone who has shown no respect for it? To sum up everything, generosity creates the family it believes in. Generosity is freely sharing what you have with others. It is being willing to offer money, help or time when it is needed. To be generous means giving something that is valuable to you without expectation of reward or return. Many traditions measure generosity not by the size of the gift, but by what it cost the giver. Sometimes generosity requires pushing past a feeling of reluctance because we all instinctively want to keep good things for ourselves. Even so, we can structure our lives in ways that make generosity more spontaneous and fun. When we intentionally â€Å"live below our means† and avoid over commitment, we cultivate a sense of bounty or surplus that makes us want to share. When we give, we reap the pleasure of knowing we have made someone else’s life a little happier. Generosity brings balance in the life of the individuals as a result of which they are bound to achieve unimaginable success in their lives. We should understand the fact that though it is a bit difficult to be generous in all the situations in life but at the end generosity bears the fruits of peace, success and happiness in the lives of individuals.

Alibaba Essay

He and his team have achieved many firsts’ in the area of Chinese Internet Trade. He founded the first internet commercial website in China, and created a 82B marketplace platform to all small and medium-sized enterprises in Asia and around the world. He promoted the â€Å"Trust Pass† plan on the website, which created the world’s first on-line credit platform for companies. Under Jack Ma’s leadership, the Alibaba 82B websites have attracted more than 17 million registered members in 220 countries globally, with daily postings exceeding 35 million, making Alibaba. om the most active Internet market place and 82B community worldwide. Since the inception of the company, more than 400 media have reported about Alibaba and Jack Ma, in dozens of languages. In addition to numerous awards presented to Alibaba. com, Jack Ma was lso selected by the World Economic Forum as one of the 100 Young Global Leaders in 2001; was named Business Leader of 2001 by Asia Commerc e Association of USA; and was featured on the covers of Forbes Magazine, Nikkei Magazine, and Fortune (China) Magazine. In 2004, Jack Ma was honored as one of the â€Å"Top 10 Economic Personas of the Year† by CCTV. In 2005, Fortune Magazine ranked him one of the â€Å"25 Most Powerful Businesspeople in Asia† and this year Business 2. 0 ranked him 1 5th among â€Å"50 Who Matter Now† and Silicon. com ranked him 1 lth among its top 50 â€Å"Agenda Setters 2006. † company, Alibaba. om builds its business success and rapid growth on entrepreneurship, innovation, and service. Says Jack Ma: The company will remain a ‘start-up’ no matter how long it has been in existence. What ever has been stable, I will disrupt that stability. The company needs to continue to innovate and grow. I want the employees to believe that we are a small company, no matter how big we get. I believe we can create a system and culture to perpetuate this culture of entrepreneurial and start-up spirit. To fuel the entrepreneurial and innovative spirit, along with a service attitude, Jack Ma is looking for people with the following characteristics: 1) People with a dream. â€Å"Don’t let your colleagues work for you. They need to work for their dreams! † If people don’t believe in the dream and Join the company purely for money, they won’t stay long (refer to Appendix 2 for Alibaba’s vision, mission, and values). 2) People with shared values. â€Å"The value system is very important at Alibaba. We are crazy for it! In China, we might be the only crazy company who so strongly maintains our value system. People who don’t fit our values cannot survive in the company. † (Alibaba’s six ore values are customer comes first, teamwork and cooperation, embracing change, integrity, passion, and honoring your Job). 3) People with a smile. â€Å"When we hire people, we look for people who are naturally optimistic and happy. In the start-up process we will meet with difficulties and challenges. Optimistic and happy people can better deal with these challenges and succeed. It’s hard to make a happy person unhappy, but it’s even harder to make an unhappy person happy. I am able to tell whether a person is on our staff by their smile. † 4) People who enjoy work and can turn stress and challenges into innovation. Employees must be able to handle pressure and challenges, and turn them into positive energy for innovation, not negative energy for depression. † 5) People who work together. â€Å"We don’t welcome people who think they are smart because they may think they are above others. This industry is so new that it really doesn’t have any real talents. The people who are real talents probably don’t know they are talents. Everyone has tremendous potential. We all use other people’s strengths to overcome our weaknesses We are all ordinary people, but our goals are extraordinary. † While Alibaba seeks people with strong rofessional skills, these characteristics are even more important in deciding whether a person will Join, stay, and enjoy working in the company. 2 Alibaba’s Unique Value Proposition † a Smiling Community with a Dream While Alibaba is clear about what kind of talent they need for business success, the question is: how can the company attract, retain, and engage such talent, especially in the startup stage, when Alibaba had limited resources? The answer is a dream, a dream to make a difference in the way people do business, and a dream to create wealth together. During the start-up stage of Alibaba, Jack Ma often told those nterested in working for Alibaba, not of the great working conditions or the high pay, of what they could earn elsewhere. Alibaba also strives to provide a community, where employees can have fun to work together to pursue their dreams with minimal bureaucracy and politics. Ma recently painted a vivid image of his ideal work environment for his employees as follows: Blue Sky Processes, systems, and decisions need to be open and transparent. There’s nothing that should be hidden from employees. We should be transparent. Solid Ground Everything we do should be honest, ethical and contribute to the welfare of the ociety. The company should be on solid financial ground so employees won’t worry about the financial future of the company. Free-flowing Ocean Talent must be allowed to rotate Jobs across subsidiaries and departments. Green Forest (R Conducive conditions for continued innovation. Harmonious Community Peers with shared values and simple interpersonal relationships. The ultimate objective of such a community is to offer employees a work environment to grow, contribute, and live out their dreams. Bureaucracy, secrecy, and stagnation are all attributes that inhibit employees, and the company must actively seek out these ehaviors and destroy them. Alibaba from the Eyes of Employees To what extent do employees at Alibaba experience what the company intends to offer? Why do they Join the company and how do they feel as employees working there? Our focus group discussion with employees in different functions and levels confirms that Alibaba is indeed a unique company to work with. The following themes and direct quotations capture their experiences and the feeling of working at Alibaba: A leader with charisma and credibility: Jack Ma is the magnet that draws people into the company and provides them with a credible dream. â€Å"When I spoke with Jack Ma, I was impressed with his vision and business model. I had been in the internet business for a while but had not seen a successful model like the one Alibaba is employing. † Tang Zhenrong, International Website Engineering Department, and one year with the company. Although the objectives for each year seem to be very high, somehow we have always managed to accomplish those objectives. With past success, we have built up confidence that we’re able to achieve the objectives no matter what they are. † Lili Li, Sales Research Department, six years with the company. The passion of Alibaba is from within and radiates outward to others. We can see that they truly believe in the company and the culture of Alibaba is built from there, not by programs or processes. † Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development. â€Å"The company is true to its values at all levels. When Jack Ma talks to management about hiring, he told us that we must hire people With the same smell. Zhang Yu, Director of Marketing, Taobao. com Changes, challenges, and growth: People grow under tremendous pressure to change and grow. â€Å"The speed of change is three to four times that of other organizations. The objectives are ‘crazy, but when we reach and surpass the targets, we then have a profound sense of accomplishment. With the constant pressure and changes, we’re also forced to evaluate how we do our own Jobs and how we work as a team. Is it sufficient to accomplish the new objectives? Do we need to look at the challenge differently and try different things? † Zhang Yu, Director of Marketing, Taobao. om 4 Communication and transparency â€Å"Jack will meet with all new employees in a group setting, has meetings with management at least quarterly, and bi-annual staff meetings with all employees. On the intranet, there’s a BBS that allows staff to post their thoughts and opinions. Jack often interacts with staff on the BBS in an open and casual way. † Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development A company that cares about employees â€Å"During the SARS crisis, because of one suspected case, Alibaba made the decision in one day to have all employees work from home and to pass the required isolation period. As a result of this quick action, we contained any possible outbreak, May. Employees continued to perform Jobs tremendously well at home. We encouraged each other through BBS, phone calls, and e-mails. † Lili L’, Sales Research Department â€Å"The most positive thing to result from the SARS crisis was an enormous amount of pride for employees who went through this crisis together. They built a strong bond through experiencing this event together. It’s still a much talked about event in the company. In fact, some employees have named the day that staff were sent home to contain the outbreak, Alibaba Day, to commemorate the event. The spirit of Alibaba came alive on that day. † Echo Lu, Director of Organization and People Development Leadership and Management Practices that Create the Unique Value Proposition Leadership priority: As CEO, Jack Ma invests most of his time in three areas: vision/ mission/strategy, customers, and employees. By clearly articulating and constantly communicating the vision and mission of the company, he creates the most important foundation in attracting outstanding talent. â€Å"Don’t let your colleague work for you, but work for their dreams! Also, it is important to deeply understand customer needs, not competitor’s actions. Understanding customer needs can help Alibaba develop concrete business plans and focus on realizing its dream. Finally, it is also critical to realistically assess the competencies of employees. It will decide â€Å"how fast,† â€Å"how far†, and â€Å"how’ the company can execute its business strategy and targets in the coming year and next three years. His attentiveness to talent is reflected in two management practices. First, in the monthly senior management meeting, the first question he always asked is â€Å"How is your team doing? † instead of â€Å"How many sales has your team made? † Second, he always spends a lot of time alking around different business units and departments to â€Å"smell† how the people are doing there. If he â€Å"smells† something wrong, he will immediately talk to the unit head to identify problems and improve the situation. As a matter of fact, all senior executives at VP level and above must develop such â€Å"smelling† skills at Alibaba, to make sure that people are being managed properly. Value alignment: Strong shared values are essential in building a harmonious community where people feel comfortable working together and in ensuring that decisions and behaviors are aligned with company direction. Alibaba has gone the extra mile to make sure that people share the same values. When Alibaba hires people, they look for people with th e same â€Å"smell†Ã¢â‚¬ people who are optimistic, happy, team oriented, hard working, and willing to invest their lives to achieve an ideal. When employees Join the company, they attend at least 10 days of orientation, focusing primarily on the company’s vision, mission, and values. When the company assesses the performance of employees, 50% is tied to values and 50% is tied to business results. When employees demonstrate behaviors contrary to company core alues, they are asked to leave no matter how strong their business results are, or very important at Alibaba. People who don’t fit into our values cannot survive in the company. † Stretch opportunities and challenges: While Alibaba offers different training programs for different levels of employees in both technical and management areas, people grow rapidly by achieving â€Å"impossible† targets year after year. Although the objectives for each year seem high and unreasonable, somehow, we have always managed to accomplish those objectives. With past success we have built up the onfidence that we are able to achieve the objectives, no matter what they are,† says Lili Li, of the Sales Research Department. â€Å"At Alibaba I have been stretched and challenged. I have seen myself grow m ore than in my previous Jobs,† says Zhang Yu from Taobao. com. Indeed, Jack Ma believes that all people have potential that can be unleashed in the right environment, allowing them to stretch and challenge themselves. Ma quoted one of his favorite examples, â€Å"Several years ago when I looked at the current COO Li Qi, there was no way he looked like a COO. Nowadays, from all different angles, he really looks like a COO. Talent has tremendous potential to grow. † However, in order for people to grow under challenges, three elements are important. First is teamwork. Alibaba uses teamwork to complement individual strengths and weaknesses to achieve extraordinary goals. Second are the right people, who enjoy challenges and have fun working. Third are line managers who are accountable for personal growth within their teams. Jack Ma remarked that all line managers at Alibaba are entrusted with two scarce resources (capital and talent) to create value for the company. In addition to ensuring good financial returns, they lso need to create value for their talent in terms of their growth and retention. That’s why Jack Ma also walks around the company to â€Å"smell† how people are being managed in different departments, and why he always asks business leaders how their teams are doing in the monthly CEO review. Wealth creation and sharing: All employees of Alibaba receive stock options, and in effect are owners of the organization. At Alibaba, stock options are not a tool for retention but for reward sharing. From five cents per share to five dollars per share in 6 years, many employees have not only shown tremendous pride in the company but also shared the fruits of their collective success for the well-being of both the society and themselves. Transparency and communication: Communication is an important practice within Alibaba that helps maintain a culture of transparency to all employees. Employees have easy access to all executives, including Jack Ma, through the use of email, BBS, and face-to-face meetings (monthly, quarterly or bi-annual staff meetings). Jack Ma sets a high standard for his executives to follow by regularly interacting with employees. â€Å"All decisions are transparent, and people can see how they are made. This transparency is getting somewhat lost as we get bigger, but we’re still given a lot of information when possible. Our trust in the leaders has helped us to overcome this change in transparency. Communication is always good and strong from Sales Research Department. Advice to other CEOs When asked about what advice he would like to offer to other CEOs in China, Jack Ma suggested four: 1) Always believe people are the most important asset, and capital comes second. 2) It is not necessary to find the â€Å"best† talent but the talent that best fits your company. 3) Find and groom the talent inside our company rather than keep searching for talent from outside. The best talent is home-groomed people who fit our company culture. It always takes at least three years before people become fully immersed into our company culture 4) Believe in the potential of talent.

American Intellectual History

The nations of the world are shaped by a plethora of events and ideas. Just as any human being is a product of circumstances and ideas that he encounters similarly is the case of nations. The intellectuals of a nation are like potters shaping the destiny of the multitudes that inhabit their lands. They themselves are products of ideas of intellectuals before them and in turn leave their imprints on the sand of times and are a source of inspiration for others. The tumultuous changes that were taking place in the era that Bellamy inhabited animates and is a source of inspiration for his literary works .American polity and social order were undergoing constant change . The old order which was representative of slavery, denigration of women and industrial capitalism was being replaced by a new social order . American society was witnessing a spurt in problems and hence we see that epoch witness a multitude of reformers. The novel looking backward is an identifying hallmark of the writer Edward Bellamy. Initially it generated little interest later on it catapulted to being the bestseller of its time. The social inequities of the nineteenth century always haunted Edward.Even as a young lad of 18 his soul was stirred by the problems that the social machinery of the ancient industrial system was creating . There have been many writers trying the genre of utopian writings like Thomas Moore, David Hume but few have shown so much commitment to the ideals of the utopian society as Edward Bellamy. Human beings have always been anticipating the prospects of a perfect future as the present condition of society is unjust. It is an escape from the contemporary society were corruption was rife poverty slavery child labor was the order of the day.The future of America is depicted as society where the difference between the rich and the poor is mitigated as there is equal distribution of wealth. The industries are not controlled by a few men of eminence but they are in the hands o f the nation. The writer’s preoccupation with nationalism makes him envisage the state machinery as he savior of mankind. The unpretentious style and the use of commonplace language and immaculate images of the utopian society are some of the aspects of the novel which are responsible for its popularity.The plot and the story of the novel seems to be unique as it seems to be an implementation of the ideals of Christianity and secular thought in a future time. Writer’s mind is like cauldron where ideas and thoughts prevalent in the society make unique dish. The ideas and the thought process of any individuals are shaped by the people around him and the movements that are invigorating the minds of writers, philosophers and intellectual. Similarly Edward Bellamy’s philosophical ideas are shaped by those of predecessor.Orestes Brownson was an important influence on him as the novel gives a political and a religious solution to the ills of society. He was primarily t hought to be a religious thinker whose world view encapsulates the political system of the American society . Democracy needs to follow the guidelines of the catholic creed so as to restrict individualism which threatens to undermine the bonds of communities. American nation evolved as result of the simultaneous influence religious and secular ideas.He had fears that the individual pride is constantly becoming emboldened and the loftier virtues of love and the concern for fellow human being is lost in the urge betterment of ones life. According to Brownson â€Å"A republic can stand only as it rests upon the virtues of the people; and these not the mere natural virtues of worldly prudence and social decency, but those loftier virtues which are possible to human nature only as elevated above itself by the infused habit of supernatural grace.† (â€Å"Brownson's Works, 10:17-37)The utopia of Bellamy presents a perfect picture of a strong nation in which the individual‘s b aser self like an unrelenting quest for material wellbeing is subsumed in the collective effort or maintaining that perfect elysian state. He was constantly preoccupied with the idea of nation as solutions to the problems of society. A strong nation with its individuals trained like a disciplined military is presented as a solution for the problems of his contemporary society.Strikes were a big issue in the Edwards contemporary society and it finds a solution in his utopian novel where everybody is prosperous due to the fact that selfishness is replaced by brotherly concern. These moral high grounds have their root in Christianity which is adhered to by both Orestes and Bellamy . The future of America is safely ensconced in Catholicism. The influence of the idea of nation was imported from Europe. The crystallization of the ideas of a nation took place during civil wars in America.Emerson a liberal and a strong proponent of individual rights started laying more emphasis on standing up for the nation’s freedom and sovereignty as the civil wars were threatening the existence of America. Brownson was a disillusioned by the liberal ideas o f individual aspiration and became a staunch proponent of conservatism which believes in preserving order . Society’s wellbeing is given preference over individuals hope and aspiration.Looking back has protagonist who has slept more than 100 years and he opens his eyes into a perfect society which is made economically viable as the state is given full control of the industries . Brownson can be best described as a religious political conservatism. Julian west questions are answered by Dr leetes His explanations express the vision of the writer and the influence of Orestes Brownson is evident in the fact there is emphasis on strengthening of nation as the reason for fact that now the workers are no more going on a strike;â€Å"The nation, that is to say, organized as the one great business corporation in which all other corporations were absorbed; it became the one capitalist in the place of all other capitalists, the sole employer, the final monopoly in which all previous and lesser monopolies were swallowed up, a monopoly in the profits and economies of which all citizens shared† (Bellamy 24-47) Brownson participated in the brook farm and it reflects the age old aspiration of practically putting ones ideas to a test . The same can be said about Looking back .Edward Bellamy is trying to show that how his political religious and economic ideas can be practically implemented in a society. Brownson was born in the transitional phase and they formed a reform party which instead of relegating the church to the background was thought to be the machinery through which social reform could be brought about. The instability in the times of these writers is reflected in the fact that the intellectuals are constantly experimenting with different modes of Christianity . He stated his pastoral caree r as Universalist then moved to Unitarianism.Finally he espoused Catholicism He is opposed to Brownsons stand point that human beings are essentially sinful . One of the reasons of writing looking back is the belief that innate goodness of man is a corollary of formation of a perfect state of being . Bellamy is a believer in the dissociation of personality for there is no sameness between our present and past personalities but only a graduated differentiation. † (Morgan, 56) Memory is not a sufficient qualifier for identity . We are constantly in flux adorning one personality after another .According to Bellamy it is the core of the being which is responsible for stringing together the different identities . Julian West’s hypnotic sleep is an example of dissociation of personality which is constant preoccupation of Edward. I sat up thus in bed staring about, without being able to regain the clue as to who he was. Brownsons saw individuality as the root cause of disinteg ration of society. There is similar charge against Bellamy that individual identity was sacrificed for the attainment of the perfect state.There is compartmentalization of the individual the bad aspects like greed, competition, and amassing wealth in the hands of few is banished and the superior self which is reflection of the pristine image of God is allowed to reign. The end result of this enterprise is an era of tranquility. Social problems are completely routed from the face of the earth Man and society is perfectly matched in that millennium of utopian society. The fear of poverty has been vanquished as all the industries were in the hands of the state and thus there was no class conflict.The strong robust state and Christian socialism are reminiscent of the Brownsonian influence on Edward Bellamy. Origin of species by Charles Darwin was published in 1859and it heralded an era of skepticism and transformed the perspective of the way we look at life. According to Vergilius Ferm: â€Å"Truly, the year 1859, in which appeared Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species, marks a turning point in Western thought† (1936, p. 307). God was banished from the world view of man . There is complete paradigm shift from the philosophy of man’s purposeful existence to his being on this cosmos as result of chance and subsequent selection .The creed of competing with one another for resources as the ultimate goal makes man an equivalent to animals and the most interesting aspect of the theory of natural selection is that it justifies greed as natural and a beneficial prospect because it leads to the selection of the fittest individuals. Bellamy was a staunch critique of Charles Darwin’s theory and its implication on the social ethics of industrial capitalism . His novel Looking Back provides an alternative to this rat race of outpacing each other with an impulse for self sacrifice and unselfishness.Struggle for survival has no place in the society d epicted in the novel as the inequalities are removed . The state controls all the industries. It is surprising that both these intellectuals who are preaching completely different dogmas are proposing that evolution is the process to reach the culmination of human prowess. Bellamy writes his utopia where evolution is employed to reach that perfect Elysian state. Looking back provides an insight into that perfect state that is achievable only when brotherly loves and unselfishness becomes a creed.Chaos brutality and lack of human concern is substituted by love and generosity. Many social Darwinists like Graham Sumner criticize the utopian model as laid back attitude and wishful thinking by saying it is the greatest folly of which a man can be capable to sit down with a slate and pencil to plan out a new social world Bellamy constantly uses the notion of a nation as an alternative to the industrial competition of his times. Then the national party arose to carry it out by political me thods.â€Å"Indeed, it could not well have had any other name, for its purpose was to realize the idea of the nation with a grandeur and completeness never before conceived, touching tree whose leaves are its people, fed from its veins, and feeding it in turn. † (Bellamy, 183) He deliberately uses the metaphor of plant to describe nature as the leaves of a tree are symbolic of the members of society who are living in a peaceful coexistence. The general health and wellbeing of the members of society is dependent on the heath of the trunk which is the supporting system.The metaphor of a tree is very often used in bible and it is vey often used at the critical juncture of man’s destiny. Adam lost his ethereal existence because he ate from the forbidden tree. The novel derives its motivation from the doctrine of Christian socialism. Therefore the metaphors and the language reflect the theological preoccupation of the author. There is a deliberate of the Darwinian metaphor of an animal . The very existence of one another is dependent on elimination of the animal of lesser prowess. The revolution that is presented in the utopia is a bloodless one.The foremost objection to the utopian ideal of equality is that it will produce in activity in the members of such a society as concept of competing with one another is lost is . Dr leetes answer to Julian West settles this question that the urge to work remains as result of the fact that the imaginations of the people is fired by passion for humanity and service to nation . It doesn’t mean that Bellamy is not influenced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection but the whole edifice of the Darwinian module is modified .There is evolution in the society Women are exonerated of their household duties They are also assigned jobs but the working hours are less as they have to perform the task of building the character of the future generation . There is no exploitation of women and they receive equal remuneration. One of the offshoots of natural selection is sexual selection but in the utopia of Bellamy the economic basis of anything has no meaning. Therefore marriages take place due to love for each other not because of economic standing of the individuals.The discovery of utopia of novel begins with the protagonist query about the industrial problem plaguing America. The answer to this question reveals the amount of the influence of the Darwinian concept of evolution . Dr Leete explains that this pathological condition was resolved by industrial evolution. Origins of species laid the foundation of biological evolution of man but it brought about revolution in almost all walks of life . These concept are both repudiated and incorporated in the novel but the concept of evolution undergoes refinement as it is cast in the theological mould.The model of biological evolution provided a justification for the superiority of the white race . Strangely enough Bellamy who is at loggerhea d with the concept of evolution of species is in complete sync with idea that the racial superiority of the west is a result of the survival of the fittest. The law of necessity is replaced by laws of morality . Many intellectuals were profoundly affected by the postulates of Darwin . But it is misleading to believe that he is social Darwinist in fact he was a critic if Darwin’s postulates in origin of species .He has used the model of Darwinian evolution and reshaped it with love as the underlying force for achieving perfection. William Graham Sumner started his career as clergymen and returned as professor of political and social sciences . He believed in the persistence of inequalities in societies as material progress is dependent upon open competition . He saw government as a necessary evil as it defends us from the different vices prevalent in our society. It curbs individuals’ liberty and freedom He was a social Darwinist and was critical of Bellamy‘s impr actical plans.â€Å"The history of the human race is one long story of attempts by certain persons and classes to obtain control of the power of the State so as to win earthly gratifications at the expense of others†(Sumner . n. p) The nation replaces the industrial capitalism of the contemporary times in the Bellamy’s utopia . Sumner believed in giving maximum freedom to the industrial capitalism of his times whereas Looking back provides a replacement of this system as it is thought to be the root cause of all the evils of society . The social condition of the impoverished working class didn’t need any reformers as it was natural.He was against any kind of government intervention to alleviate the condition of the suffering masses . He is a believer in the fact that material success is indicative of a persons capabilities. (Boland. n. p) As far as this is concerned they are at opposing end. Bellamy is for reforms and equal opportunity and pay for all the member s of society . William Sumner was against the occupation of Spain by the Americans and this idea finds a echo in the novel as was he was against the occupation of Spain by the Americans and this idea finds a echo in the novel. Dr Leete denounces the act of aggrandizementâ€Å"Are they France, England, Germany, or hunger, cold, and nakedness? In your day governments were accustomed, on the slightest international misunderstanding, to seize upon the bodies of citizens and deliver them over by hundreds of thousands to death and mutilation, wasting their treasures the while like water. † The American society was facing a lot of upheavals and industrial revolution brought urbanization and a variety of problems . The publishing of Darwin’s origin of species had raised many uncomfortable questions and many movements arose to establish the kingdom of God upon earth .These movements also brought changes in the established religions and creeds. Solomon Washington Gladden sermons can be seen as the earliest example of The social gospel movement . It tried address the problems of the slums of Ohio and brought the workers of 1877 strike to a peaceful negotiation. The proponents of this movement believed in a confluence of Christian dogma with politics . They predicted a brighter picture of tomorrow. Looking back seems to be presenting the same kind of mixture of morality and politics and a prospect of a perfect future.Like the social gospel movement the novel gives a concrete shape to the hope of a better tomorrow. The concept of brotherly love and helping the poor is not an anathema to the Christian doctrine but rather it was revived as the Victorian society was facing excess of moral violation of individuals in industrial capitalism . Bellamys combination of socialism and religiosity can be as seen an offshoot of the social gospel reform movement as any individual is a product of its time . The thought process of literary artists are shaped by the distillat ion of ideas his period.The thought process of an individual is not shaped in vacuum . They are either a result of the reaction of doctrines that are prevalent in that period or an influence of other contemporary writers and philosophers. Genius don’t produce ides out of blue but it unique process of synthesis of ideas floating through that particular age . Early century and the great depression saw different intellectuals trying to lay the principles on which the society could get rid of its problem and the kingdom of god was to be established which would transcend competitive and exploitative industrialism of the contemporary American society.Looking is an endeavor on part of Bellamy to show that such ideas are viable and practical. It is practical guide to establishment of a society based on the postulate of the egalitarian principles o social Christianity. The social reform movements from 1820 to 1860 show a distrust of establishes social systems. The gospel reform moveme nt saw that for the first time the various denomination of the church came together in a joint venture to eradicate the problems of society . This dream of unification of various sects of Christianity is realize in the novel Looking back .Julian asks Mr Barton about the reason of disappearance of various sects The answer was that passionate impulse of brotherly love was responsible for the founding of a nobler social order as the root cause of this unification Crisis in the American society was seen as initiative to accomplish the necessary changes . The whole novel can be seen as an attempt to forsee and how to practically implement those changes in society. The turn of the century saw massive problems like unemployment, abuse of corporate powers, poverty, crime, and corruption, influx of immigrants, child labor and massive depression.These problems gave rise to a reform movement which was termed as the progressive movement. Progressive movement was a natural succession to the prog ressive movement. The youth of middle class rose to the occasion with a firm faith in fact that every problem has a solution. These problems can be put to end by the educated class . Education and specially women education received special stress . Consequently women rights were promoted and they started entering the job market as clerks and did other menial duties . Edward Bellamy in his novels gave women a lot of rights by the contemporary standards.They received equal pay despite the fact that they were working for fewer hours . Another hallmark of this period is the demand of voting rights by women. The social order of Bellamy’s utopian world assigns equal but different roles to women. The feminist of the contemporary period like Charlotte Perkins Gilman agree with is assessment. The whole progressive movement resolved around that man has a inherent quality in him to improve his lot . It was rejection of the social Darwinism. The other problem that the progressives tried to address was the end of slavery .The abolitionist movement tried to eradicate this problem . The utopian model stresses equality as the focal point and it is achieved through the equal pay for all the individuals. It is very important to note that the progressive movement is accused of not addressing the problems of racial discrimination And Bellamy was under the influence of Herbert Spencer who saw the whites as superior race as result of it being the fittest and the most ablest race . The progressive s believed that the state can play a pivotal role in solving the numerous problems that the American society is experiencing .The authors are sensitive to trails and the tribulations of society and hence this is exactly the reason hat the fiction is trying to present a solution which is representative of the progressive ideology that state can help in the establishment of the heavenly state . The novel also presents the idea of the unification of the various denominations of Christi anity and it is reflection of the fact that various creeds of Christianity rose under this reform movement to address the problems that was destroying the moral fabric of the society.Frederick Winslow Taylor can be best described as synthesizer of the thoughts of his times and he gave a solution to the problem of optimizing the productivity of the workers. There was almost a mechanical stress on using scientific precision to improve the skills needed to perform a task in the industry . Years of apprentice ship is replaced by this mechanical process. This has a fleeting similarity to the Edwardian concept of building an army of workers. The dramatic improvement in the productivity was result of his innovation in the field of industrial engineering . He is accused of dehumanizing the modern industries .There needs a change in the attitude of the workers to optimize the industrial production according to him change â€Å"consists of the complete revolution in the mental attitude and t he habits of all those engaged in the management, as well of the workmen†(Taylor . pg131) Bellamy’s utopia presents the concept that the productivity is going to increase as result of passion for nation. Edward Bellamy has been unnecessarily been accused of being influenced by the Marxist concept of utopian world and he was for quite sometimes rolling the idea of the perfect state of life in his mind .It was published 40 years before the it . The author himself had a disliking for the class conflict and a Godless society In one of his public lectures he gave vent to his urge to write about his passion for heavenly existence â€Å"It is an undiscovered country, no community of men has ever essayed its elysian climes, no human foot step has ever trod its shores. The faith of humanity points to its existence. But I know that it exists, and we must find it. †¦ † (Taken from Bellamy’s 2nd lyceum address of 1872). He gave a concrete shape to all his ideas o f an ideal society in his novel â€Å"looking backward†.The impact of the novel on the minds of men can be gauge from the fact that this novel gave rise to a nationalist movement . Columbia university requested philosopher John Dewey historian Charles Beard and editor of The Atlantic monthly Edward Week to prepare a list of writers who exercised a huge influence on society Edward Bellamy’s Looking back came second on all the three list and it was preceded by Marx’s Das capital. The novel brought about a change in the thinking of men in all walks of life . The ideas in the novel acted as spring board for other writers to develop and broaden the horizon of human intellect.The idea that social injustice is caused by human struggle for physical as well as economic need for a better status launched Veblen's provocative and creative career. Allen white the renowned American News Paper editor himself admitted to being shaped by the intellectual outpourings of this nove l. â€Å"He feels indebted to the thrill that he encountered while reading the novel when he was young and the change of heart from the being a conservative to being open minded about the various problems plaguing the contemporary society. He also acknowledges the fact that many youngsters of his time had a similar experience .It was the talk of the town The list of individuals effect by Bellamy’s monumental work Looking backwards is endless . It not only affected the individual members of society but also infused fresh blood into the intellectual thought process of his times . The ideas of social injustice derived from a race for economic betterment came into the forefront. He is a writer who inspires people and draws lines on which others can move forward on their intellectual journey. The novel is a presentation of social and economic order which is given serious consideration by experts in the respective fields.The economist H. Stanley Jevons says: â€Å"I have gained m ore from Bellamy than from any single author. He deserves more attention from economists than he has received. The economic system he outlines does stand a rigid examination for workability in its essential features in his treatise. † The novel presents economic equality in the co-operative commonwealth Despite the fact that the novel deals with utopia it has been not whisked away to be a wishful thinking but has been put to a practical implication The nationalist movement started with the formation of the first nationalist club of Boston in 1888 .The chief characteristics of this movement were unselfishness and it invigorates an enthusiasm for humanity. The individuals of society don’t compete with each other rather they co-operated with each others. It adopted a tolerant attitude towards people who would be critical of this movement. Patriotism was a highly cherished ideal of this movement . Social reforms had to taken up by a nation so as to reap its harvest. Works C ited Auerbach Am Lit Hist. (1994); â€Å"The Nation Organized†: Utopian Impotence in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://alh. oxfordjournals. org/cgi/reprint/6/1/24Boland joseph(1995)U. S political thought . retrieved http://www. uoregon. edu/~jboland/lect_12. html Richard A. Spurgeon (1997). The Religious Ethics of Edward Bellamy and Jonathan Edwards. Journal of Utopian Studies. Vol 8. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. questia. com/googleScholar. qst? docId=5000543586 Bellamy, Edward. (2000) Looking Backward. Applewood books. ISBN-10: 155709506X Native Americanism† (Brownson's Works, 10:17-37). retrieved Sumner, William Graham. Essays of William Graham Sumner. Ed. Albert G. Keller and Maurice R. Davie. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale UP, 1934 retrievedhttp://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-56061945. html Wilmot Chester,the struggle for Europe 1954 pg 477 SCOTT McLEMEE â€Å"Back to the Future† December 24, 2000. Retrieved Mar ch 17, 2008 from: http://www. nytimes. com/books/00/12/24/bookend/bookend. html Vergillus, Ferm, (1936), First Adventures in Philosophy (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons). Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. apologeticspress. org/rr/reprints/Impact-of-Evolutionary-Philosop. pdf W. Taylor, Frederick Scientific Management, pg 131. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from: http://www. skymark. com/resources/leaders/taylor. asp