What Qualities A Teacher Should Have Essay Example for Free

What Qualities A Teacher Should Have Essay Teachers play an important role in the education of every student. There are many who think that a teacher have a certain skill in teaching their students. I think that a teacher should obtain multiple qualities to be able to have the skill in teaching. In my view, a teacher must enjoy their job. They should do this because if they do not then they will become unhappy. Once a teacher is unhappy, they will not be able to perform well for their job. If a teacher is not able to perform well; how will a student be able to learn the proper skills for their subject? A teacher should have knowledge about their subject. If a teacher does not have the knowledge; how will he be able to guide his students towards the right path? The teacher should have knowledge because he will be able to share his knowledge with his students, which enables his students to learn more. I strongly believe that a teacher should present his subject in an interesting manner. If a subject is not presented in an interesting manner; how will students be able to obtain the information given to them? Students these days have very limited attention spans. If very vital information is being presented in a boring monotone voice; do you think students will remember this information? A teacher should be hardworking, caring, responsible and must like children. If a teacher is none these; how do you think a student will react? If a teacher is not hardworking; will he be able to actually teach a student something? If a teacher is not caring; will he able to gain the trust of a student? If a teacher is not responsible; will he be able to handle the welfare of a student? If a teacher dislikes children; will he be able to achieve in getting any information towards a student? In conclusion, I think in order to obtain a certain skill in teaching; a teacher must be able to have certain qualities such as the ability to appreciate his job, the knowledge of a subject, the ability to present their subject in an interesting manner, the ability to be hardworking, caring, responsible and the ability to like children. Teachers are counted as a noble profession as they shape the minds of tomorrow.

Homeostasis in Human

Homeostasis in Human Have you ever seen animals like crocodiles crawl their way up to the land and stay under the hot sun for a particular period of time? Well, when it comes to sun-bathing, not only humans, crocodiles enjoy it as well. However, reptiles like them do so solely because they need to. This behavioural response towards the surrounding temperature is essential as a mean of thermoregulation. Unlike crocodiles, we, humans, rely less on behavior and more on our physiological processes. Imagine that our body temperature soars every time we take a hot shower or drink a freshly brewed cup of coffee. Managing the state of internal environment is a principal challenge for the human body. The maintaining of internal environment of the body between limits is denoted as homeostasis, and body temperature is just one example of the many parameters which are controlled by homeostasis. Figure 1 An indication that homeostasis aims to provide a state of dynamic equilibrium. (Source; http://t3.gstatic.com) It is not an easy physiological process when it comes to maintaining homeostasis. As much as a unicellular organism needs to be able to take in oxygen and nutrients as well as to excrete waste products, multicellular organisms like humans also need to able to do those things. The mechanisms of homeostasis are complex enough to provide each cell with all that it needs. The integration of most of the systems in the human body leads to this particular purpose homeostasis. A continuous bloodflow of nutrients must be adequately supplied. Vital organs such as the brain, kidney and heart need to have their activity monitored. The internal environment must always be in a relatively constant state, where the rate of exchange of cellular materials is done in such a manner that a dynamic equilibrium is considered. Describing Homeostasis There are many possible ways if we are to describe homeostasis. A good, simple one will probably be by using an analogy. Think of homeostasis as a scenario of someone walking up a descending escalator. When observing the person, he may seem to appear standing still if his speed when he walks up the escalator is the same as the speed of the escalator moving down. This is the case where an equilibrium is reached. Walking up faster than the escalator going down, the person will move up gradually. However, if he walks slower than the escalator, the result is going to be vice versa. In both cases, there is no equilibrium. It is only when the persons velocity of moving up is altered such that it is the exact opposite of the escalator moving down that equilibrium is restored. From this analogy, it is clear that homeostatic regulatory mechanism follows a particular pattern by which if a regulated variable increases, the system responds by making it decrease. In contrast, whenever the regulat ed variable decreases, the system reacts to make it increase. This manner of operation is referred to as the negative feedback mechanism. Figure 2 Negative feedback leads to a tight control situation whereby the corrective action taken by the controller forces the controlled variable toward the set point, thus leading the system to oscillate around equilibrium. (Source; http://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/Feedback_control) Generally, in any feedback system, the level of a product feeds back to control the rate of its own production. A negative feedback mechanism works in a way that a change in levels always causes the opposite change, driving to a stabilizing effect. Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are both involved in monitoring the levels of variables. Small fluctuations above and below the set point will not usually result in a response. It is when the level rises significantly above or below the set point that it is altered by negative feedback accordingly. A homeostatic regulatory mechanism detects the regulated variables via the sensors. Sensors are basically cells which are sensitive to their corresponding variable. Certain blood vessels contain cells called chemoreceptors that are sensitive to concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Meanwhile, in the brain and other parts of the body, there are cells that are sensitive to temperature, and these cells are class ified as thermoreceptors. Flow of Information and The Concept of Homeostatic Set Point Sensors relay or transmit input/signals to the integrating center. The integrating center compares the regulated variable to the set point and orchestrates or coordinates the appropriate response. In response to the input it receives, the integrating center relays signals (now called outputs) to the targeted cells, tissues or organs that produce the final response. These cells, tissues or organs are entitled as effectors. The set point and normal ranges for homeostasis can change under various circumstances. One way in which the normal range of homeostasis may change is through acclimatization. This is when humans adjust to changes in the external environment. For instance, at high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is lower than at sea level. Hemoglobin may not become fully saturated with oxygen as it passes through the lungs. As a result, body tissues may not have adequate supply of oxygen. Acclimatization will then occur when the body gradually ascends towar ds higher altitude, whereby extra erythrocytes are produced. Muscles produce more myoglobin and develop a denser capillary network. Thermoregulation As mentioned in the introductory paragraph, temperature is one of the variables of homeostasis. The process in which the internal temperature is regulated within tolerable range is named as thermoregulation. Where there is a change in temperature, there must be a change of heat provided. Basically, there are two sources of heat internal and external environments. Organisms that are categorized under ectotherms get their heat source externally. These ectotherms include mostly amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates. Meanwhile, birds and mammals are mainly endothermic. Their internal metabolism provides the main source of heat. Many insects together with just a few nanovian reptiles as well as some fishes are endotherms. It is crucial to acknowledge the fact that endothermy and ectothermy are not mutually exclusive to one another. A bird is, for instance, is mainly endothermic, but it may warm itself in the sun on a cold morning, much as an ectothermic lizard does. (Urry, Cain, Wasserm an, Minorsky and Jackson, 2010). Being mainly endotherms, human beings need to be able to regulate the internal body temperature without relying or depending on the external environment. The hypothalamus of the brain keeps an eye on the blood temperature and compares it with a set point, usually close to 370C. If the blood temperature is higher than the tolerated level, skin arterioles become wider, increasing bloodflow through skin. This blood transfers heat from the body core, raising the temperature of skin. Since the skin is the outermost organ, heat is lost from skin to the environment. The higher the temperature of the skin, the more heat is lost. Meanwhile, sweat glands secrete large amounts of sweat making the surface of the skin damp. Water that evaporates from the damp skin will bring with it the heat. Overall effect is that the body temperature lowers down, until it reaches the set point again. In contrast, when the body temperature decreases below the set point, skin arterioles become narrower so that le ss blood reaches the skin. Skeletal muscles do many small, rapid contractions to generate heat. This is called shivering. Sweat glands will stop secreting sweat and the skin remains dry. Blood Glucose Concentration The level of blood glucose in the blood is also one of the variables of homeostasis. Cells in the pancreas monitor the concentration and send hormone messages to targeted areas the liver and muscle cells when the level is low or high. In the case of a high blood glucose concentration, the ÃŽÂ ²-cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin. Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle cells to absorb glucose from the blood and convert it to glycogen. Granules of glycogen are stored in the cytoplasm of these cells. Other cells are stimulated to absorb glucose and use it in cell respiration instead of fat. These processes lower the blood glucose level. On the other hand, when the level of blood glucose declines way below the set point, the ÃŽÂ ±-cells in the pancreatic islets produce glucagon. Glucagon stimulates the hepatocytes to break down glycogen down into glucose and release the glucose into the blood. This raises the blood glucose level. Figure 3 The control of blood glucose (Source http://www.get-discount-medical-supplies.com/images/blood-glucose-level.jpg) When the regulation of blood glucose level is not effective, the concentration can rise or fall beyond normal limits. This is referred to as diabetes mellitus. There are two forms of this condition. The table below provides a comparison between the two. Type 1 Type 2 The beginning is usually during childhood. ÃŽÂ ±-cells produce insufficient insulin. Insulin injections are used to control glucose levels. Diet cannot by itself control the condition. The onset is usually after childhood. Target cells become insensitive to insulin. Insulin injections are not usually needed. Low carbohydrate diets usually control the condition. Table 1 The differences between Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes (Source; Andrew Allot, 2007) Comparison Between Endocrine and Nervous Systems From the facts given above, it is shown that both endocrine system and nervous system have their roles in homeostasis. Even though both systems work together to achieve similar function, there are actually significance points of differences between the two. They both have distinct processes from each other. In the nervous system, nerves secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. On the other hand, the chemicals secreted by endocrine system are hormones. While both regulate homeostasis, responses in nervous system are rapid and of short duration. In contrast, endocrine responses are slow but of long duration. On top of that, nerve impulses are transmitted via neurons whereas hormones are carried away in the bloodstream. One of the similarities between the two systems is that both involve regulated exocytosis. This ATP-dependent process happens during the secretion of neurotransmitters for the nervous system and hormones for the endocrine system. The nervous system utilizes bioelectrical transmission. The depolarization of the nerve cell when an impulse is sent from the dendrites to the axons brings about an action potential on the membranes of neurons. The result is that a neuron is able to send information to the targeted cells in a very fast period. Theoretically, as long as there are neurons along the pathway, the signal will pass through without cease. This means that the process will carry on forever, given that synaptic cells are involved along the way. Meanwhile, the endocrine system utilizes endocrine glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are very specific type of proteins which are sent to targeted cells. Since the pathway is bloodstream, the process takes a longer period. Figure 5 shows the pathway of the hormones secreted by the endocrine gland cells, ending with the chemical messengers binding to the plasma membrane receptors on the target cells. However, if the hormone is steroid, they may pass through and bind to the receptor proteins in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. (Source: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/physiology/endocrinesystem/Hormones/hormone_2.gif) Figure 4 shows the neurotransmitters being secreted from the pre-synaptic membrane to the post-synaptic membrane. Specific channel proteins on the post-synaptic neuron or the targeted cell must be there to allow chemicals to pass through. (Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/neurotransmitter.jpg) Conclusion Homeostasis is of utmost importance for the cells of the body to function really well. This explains the complexity of the systems that work out homeostasis. When the cells are able to meet their physiological needs, the organism will stay healthy. When homeostasis is not there to keep the internal environment stable, the organism is vulnerable to diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes. These diseases relate to the degrading mechanisms of negative feedback and positive feedback as one gets older. (http://www.123helpme.com)

Primary Education in Uganda - A Policy Analysis Essay -- A Level Essays

Primary Education in Uganda - A Policy Analysis Over the past five years, Uganda’s education system has proved both effective and successful. Although in the process of further development, it has nonetheless served as a model for many developing African countries. The Ugandan government, with President Yoweri Museveni at its forefront, has determined primary education to be one of the major channels toward poverty eradication and as a vital resource for economic and social development. The Ugandan government has made a national commitment to eradicate illiteracy and educate its citizens through the 1997 initiative, Universal Primary Education (UPE). All levels of government, the private sector, grass-root organizations, local and international non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), community and church leaders, international aid agencies, and international governments have been major players in Uganda’s universal primary education policy and continue to structure the policy in ways to benefit Ugandans, whi le simultaneously protecting their own interests. Unfortunately with such an enormous national commitment and the underlying interests of the many contributors, there were many shortages in the realistic policy as experienced by Ugandans. I argue that these shortages, which ultimately affect the quality of primary education, can be linked to inadequacies in the deliberations, monitoring, evaluation, and feedback of Ugandan education policy; once these areas are reformed, a more comprehensive education system can be re-established. Rapid educational expansion has taken place in Uganda since its independence in 1962. Following independence, education was regarded as a means through which individuals could advance in society... ...ducation Network Newsletter No.4: United Kingdom www.eenet.org.uk/newsletters/new4/p7.shtml 11. Robert, Kakooza. â€Å"Education in Uganda.† 21st Century Schoolhouse Online. www.21cs.org/magazine/uganeduc.htm 12. Short, Claire. â€Å"Claire Short Announces  £67 Million for Education in Uganda.† UK Department of International Development Press Release 54/98 – 10/1998 www.dfid.gov.uk/PressRelease/files/pr1oct.htm 13. Teskey, Graham and Richard Hooper. â€Å"Uganda Education Strategies Investment Programme: Case Study,† Department for International Development: Nairobi, 8/1999 14. Three Years After Jomtien: EFA in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region. Ed. Wright, C. and Rangacher Govinda. UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning: Paris, 1994 15. â€Å"Uganda – Education.† http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/u-edu.htmlAppendix Primary Education in Uganda - A Policy Analysis Essay -- A Level Essays Primary Education in Uganda - A Policy Analysis Over the past five years, Uganda’s education system has proved both effective and successful. Although in the process of further development, it has nonetheless served as a model for many developing African countries. The Ugandan government, with President Yoweri Museveni at its forefront, has determined primary education to be one of the major channels toward poverty eradication and as a vital resource for economic and social development. The Ugandan government has made a national commitment to eradicate illiteracy and educate its citizens through the 1997 initiative, Universal Primary Education (UPE). All levels of government, the private sector, grass-root organizations, local and international non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), community and church leaders, international aid agencies, and international governments have been major players in Uganda’s universal primary education policy and continue to structure the policy in ways to benefit Ugandans, whi le simultaneously protecting their own interests. Unfortunately with such an enormous national commitment and the underlying interests of the many contributors, there were many shortages in the realistic policy as experienced by Ugandans. I argue that these shortages, which ultimately affect the quality of primary education, can be linked to inadequacies in the deliberations, monitoring, evaluation, and feedback of Ugandan education policy; once these areas are reformed, a more comprehensive education system can be re-established. Rapid educational expansion has taken place in Uganda since its independence in 1962. Following independence, education was regarded as a means through which individuals could advance in society... ...ducation Network Newsletter No.4: United Kingdom www.eenet.org.uk/newsletters/new4/p7.shtml 11. Robert, Kakooza. â€Å"Education in Uganda.† 21st Century Schoolhouse Online. www.21cs.org/magazine/uganeduc.htm 12. Short, Claire. â€Å"Claire Short Announces  £67 Million for Education in Uganda.† UK Department of International Development Press Release 54/98 – 10/1998 www.dfid.gov.uk/PressRelease/files/pr1oct.htm 13. Teskey, Graham and Richard Hooper. â€Å"Uganda Education Strategies Investment Programme: Case Study,† Department for International Development: Nairobi, 8/1999 14. Three Years After Jomtien: EFA in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region. Ed. Wright, C. and Rangacher Govinda. UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning: Paris, 1994 15. â€Å"Uganda – Education.† http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/u-edu.htmlAppendix

The Meaning of Fahrenheit 451 :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

The Meaning of Fahrenheit 451 Â   This book depicts a story about a futuristic world in the middle of a nuclear war. The government of this future forbids its people from reading or taking a part in individual thinking. During this time, the law against reading is new and the government is taken on a task of destroying all of the books. This is where we meet or main character named Guy Montag. He is a fireman. Him and his crew go around and burn books in libraries, and homes. Â   Â  I think the theme of the story is that there are many facets to a personality than is first visible. The book is narrated in third person. At the beginning of the book we see Guy Montag as a ruthless man who enjoys his job very much. Later on he discovers that he does not enjoy his life, it is merely a fake mask. He slowly discovers this in himself when he meets a teenage girl named Clarisse who is his new neighbor. She awakens a love and desire in Montag to enjoy the simple things in life. He also discovers that his happiness is fake when he discovers that he does not love his tranquilizer addicted wife who cares more about her television relatives than real life. Guy Montag slowly becomes unhappy with his life when he learns of Clarisse's death in an automobile accident and when he had to bun an old lady alive in her house because she refused to let them burn her books. Â   When we discover that Guy Montag is unhappy with his life, we start to respect that he is trying to change his way of life. When Montag goes to talk to his wife about the disadvantages about being a fireman, she offers no sympathy and tells him to stay away from her because all she knows is that books are unlawful. After awhile, Captain Beatty has a talk with Montag because he is suspicious of Montag's behavior. He tells Montag that the ideas in books are not real and they cause a dispute in people's minds. He says that ridding the world of controversy puts an end to dispute and allows people to live happy. Later on, Montag confesses that he had not just stolen one book but yet a small library.

Should We Legalize Marijuana? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Should We Legalize Marijuana? In the perspective of America's war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. And since alcohol and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are legal it is a relevant question to ask why marijuana is illegal. The taxpayers of America can partly answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the hash rhetoric used against marijuana by the government. The fact that marijuana is illegal is sufficiently caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. In other words, the government cannot turn back now. In order to demonstrate this cause, the difference between illegal and legal substances (specifically alcohol and marijuana) must be abolished. Alcohol, as we all know, was once illegal. The reason that it was illegal was because the ill effects of alcohol led many people to fight for the prohibition cause. Some of these ill effects are direct and some alter the behavior and motor skills of the drinker, helping them do things they would not usually do. More often than not, the direct effects result from heavy drinking, like "depression is frequently diagnosed in alcoholics" (Rittenhouse 140). But just getting drunk can do serious harm. "Accidental trauma forms the major cause of brain damage from alcohol" (140) would indicate alcohol as a threat to human health. Marijuana on the other hand seems a little out of place in its classification as illegal. The source previously cited notes that, "Although it is classified as a Schedule I drug for regulatory purposes, it is clearly different pharmacologically from the opiate analgesics" (Rittenhouse 151). Also, recently a heated debate has arisen on the medicinal value of marijuana. Whether there is a definite use for marijuana is unclear, but there is surely no such debate concerning alcohol. So once again I posture the question why is marijuana illegal if it is not more dangerous than substances that are legal? The American government's investment in the war on drugs spans the spectrum of governmental offices. But the main recipient of funds from the budget is the Drug Enforcement Agency, located in the Department of Justice. Before I start quoting budget allocations, I would like to ask the reader to make a small assumption. The budget does not make distinctions between fighting marijuana and fighting cocaine, heroine, etc. So I would ask that the reader assume marijuana accounts for five percent of the budget's drug prevention allocations.

Proposal Plan Essay

The purpose for the organization Walgreens is to stay put in a dynamic, self-motivated and energetic business environment. Walgreens is a successful business looking to progress overall presentation and place the company for potential expansion. In order for this to follow through, a total rewards program needs to be created. The incentives and compensation plan must connect with the goals of the organization. A solid rewards program will build motivation in the work place. As the text states, â€Å"The notions that rewards are means to motivate employees assuming that the rewards are distributed fairly. Rewards seem to be part of many different perspectives in motivation (Helsley, 2013). † The most important part is the employees in this organization, and sadly the motivation is not up to par. Employees who lack motivation, insinuates that employees are not receiving proper rewards. Instead of management focusing on only one specific part of a department, they should rather work together towards a solid vision for the business. Presently, there is room for opportunity, to actually analyze the Human Resource Management system and see which problems which are leading employees to show lack of motivation. Through various researches, employees and outside sources, especially Human Capital Consulting organizations, believe that financial compensation is lower than market value. Employees do also not comprehend how pay interlinks with job performance. 20011 to 20012 surveys show that employees think that pay connects to seniority (Pulakos, 2004). Adding to standard compensation, individual rewards are not well connected to performance. For example, departments like Research & Development and sales focus the transaction force and rarely see any return. The lack of proper positioning for financial compensation and work performance is causing confusion and affecting the motivational problems. Walgreens needs to acknowledge that employee’s views need to be considered. This is the reason why the distance in understanding between the employees and the business needs to be fixed. Alterations to financial compensation can be expensive. The consultant from Human Capital Consulting the reward and compensation system needs to be fully reformed. The total cost of the reward system alterations are about $165,000. Since the business has been dealing with sales declining an investment of that sort would put the organization at a high risk (Walgreens Co. , 2013). Even though the company has to cope with that expense the organization has the chance to better compete in the market and reduce the risk of losing employees to other businesses due to financial compensation formats. This problem can be resolved if the management team at Walgreens takes into consideration the cause of external competition. Key objectives to consider are to make certain that the pay is enough to attract and sustain employees. If employees do not see that their pay is competitive compared to what other organizations are giving for the same type of work, then that might cause for the employee to leave. Even though employee motivation and financial compensation are viewed as big problems for Walgreens, the business’ ability to form attraction and support career enhancement has been dwindling. The problems can be caused by the lack of Human Resource Management in the business strategic human capital management, with a failure by leadership to form a successful culture that aids the business objectives. As the business sets itself straight and alters its strategy, it will be vital to effectively train employees and make certain that they are set for the challenges that come their way. Sadly, motivation issues are harming the business and may affect the strategic changes. Examples of the weak culture and employee development are seen in the Research & Development and sales parts of the organization. Each section contributes to the success of the business but receives rarely any recognition, whether it is pay or just an overall recognition. Walgreens has the chance to brace the culture and form a complete employee development system that supports the enterprises vision and goals for the future. To add to this the business has the ability to explore other areas aside from the financial compensation to augment employee motivation and job satisfaction. Executing a career development system will not be enough for long-term enhancements. Management at Walgreens will need to center on building situations that practice career development (Walgreens Co. , 2013). Employees at Walgreens have different interests. These interests can include financial compensation, career enhancement or development, strong and effective communication and of course support from the management team. Employees have the right to be rewarded fairly and be acknowledged for their efforts and hard work to the organization. To add to this, employees have the right to be included in the organizations culture instead of being part of teams that are divided up. This usually leads to a lack of direction. Employees crave cooperation, a challenging working environment and dedication. That’s why effective end state goals would be to make certain that employee motivation is being measured effectively. Also, form career development plans and spot out important achievements within the business. Not only employee motivation should be worked on, but also set up a comprehensive rewards system. The reward system will give employees the chance to take charge of their reward as well as form a spot to market benefits that pertain to Walgreen employees. An internal web application should be created by HR (Walgreens Co. , 2012). The system will center on benefits administration, cross-function team goal management, and incentive rewards tracking systems. Employees will have the option of reviewing their benefits and make alterations on their time. Also, managers will be able to appraise the improvement and donations made by cross-functional teams. Sales statistics will also be part of the reward system to keep track of sales performance. Overall, Walgreens needs to restructure its employee compensation program. This means that the organization needs to first acknowledge that employee motivation is low. From there, increase it, by rewarding employees for a job well done. Acknowledging them in front of their employees and even bonuses will be nice. Flexible schedule is so important. Basically, re-evaluating everything to make certain that employees are feeling valued.

Britain And Australia, The Fall Of Singapore And The Great Betrayal In 1942 And Onwards

One of the important characteristics of international relationship is the ability of one country to trust the word of their partners that their partners would look after the best interest of their partners, especially after mutual action plan is being executed and undertaken. There is the proverbial thought about how political bed partners involved in global country alliances are expected scratch each other’s backs.The failure of a partner to look after and protect the interests of the other partner is a very strong incident that easily breaks the trust that binds countries together in friendship, cooperation and alliance. One of the significant setbacks of Australia during the Second World War was the fall of Singapore after the British forces, which Australia trusted to protect this Asian country from being overrun by the enemy. The prevailing feeling that surfaced after the incident was made public was the feeling of betrayal among Australians towards Britain and the Britis h army.Even disregarding the fact that Singapore is an important foothold in the Australian dominion, Australia felt betrayed because they were sent to fight in another location under Britain’s bidding to salvage an important British interest with the guarantee that British forces will look after Australian interests in the Asia-Pacific Region. It was something which they failed to do in a manner that did not provide the British with even a semblance of consolation, just mere indignation over what happened.Britain’s surrender at Singapore in February 1942 can be considered as tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire because many critics and historians believe that Britain simply betrayed Australia when the British forces surrendered at Singapore at during the Second World War, considering that the same level of justification of the idea of betrayal was attributed to the concept of the â€Å"Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire†.Karl H ack provided a scathing verdict on the Singapore 1942 issue between Australia and Britain, supporting the belief of political analysts and historians who believe that Britain’s action in Singapore in 1942 was indeed an act of betrayal towards its ally Australia. â€Å"In one sense the fall of Singapore had represented a betrayal of Australia, and so catapulted Australia into an American embrace . Hack’s position in this issue was that the British act of betrayal towards Australia’s dominion in 1942 is the contribution towards the loss of one of Australia’s important foothold in the Asian region. This is because the British poorly and inadequately attended to the military concerns involving the defense of Singapore, explaining that â€Å"Britain had encouraged Australia to commit forces to the Mediterranean, and then provided inadequate defences for Singapore . †Gerhard Weinberg made the same observation about the question of British betrayal of Au stralia, explaining that the betrayal is found in the inability of the British to come to the aid of the country which is its ally in its time of need, especially with the fact that there was an understanding between the two nations about the providing of support and assistance; Australia can help the British military strategy and at the same time provide ample and sufficient forces that can protect Australia as well as Australia’s other footholds and territories in the Asia-Pacific region. In both Australia and New Zealand, the war had somewhat similar repercussions.Both felt deserted by the home country in their hour of greatest danger; it may be an exaggeration, but not a completely unjustified one . † Singapore fell on February 1942, but as early as January, the Australian government has already impressed upon its British allies that they would consider the fall of Singapore, which was under their watch, as an â€Å"inexcusable betrayal. The telegram that travelled from Australia to London indicated how Australia was hoping that Britain would indeed hold true to its promises and â€Å"all the assurance we have been given ,† including an solid fortress that will wait for the arrival of the British fleet that will support land efforts to defend Singapore . This telegram was received by Winston Churchill, the contents of which something that Churchill was not very happy or appreciative to read or be the recipient of such note.The reported efforts of the British to save Singapore from falling (including the sending in of the 18th Division) was later regarded as a wrong move for the British, definitely unmindful and not caring anymore about the idea of betrayal that Australia might feel. â€Å"The phrase ‘inexcusable betrayal’ greatly annoyed Churchill, and he could not easily forget it.The minutes of the British War Cabinet’s meeting, which reviewed events the day after Singapore's surrender recorded that it now seemed a pity that Britain had sent the 18th Division to Singapore . † With this information, can it be now assumed that the British leaders during the war indeed betrayed Australia by showing very little consideration or little cause of concern for the interest of Australia and were just focused on winning their own goal?If this was true, then the Singapore debacle was similar to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s empire, since in both occasions, the similar idea was that Australia was abandoned by its ally Britain and left close to being helpless, defenseless and alone. This is because it trusted an ally that was not sincerely looking and protecting the interests of its allies which it relied for help during the height of the battles in the Asia Pacific Theater of Operation during the Second World War.Churchill’s oversight in what was poor defences set up in Singapore one month prior to the fall of Singapore and the planning to evacuate and not fortify the defences we re also pointing to the fact that the British was not planning on holding on to Singapore, not even for the sake of the country’s alliance with Australia, to which Singapore and its defense is important. â€Å"At this late stage, Churchill now gave urgent consideration to the evacuation of all the Allied troops at Singapore to prevent what could now be foreseen as widespread disaster†¦Any evacuation of Singapore would have appalled Australians; indeed it would be difficult to exaggerate the effect to national morale of such an apparent betrayal . † The idea of selfishness and being self centered by the British military operation in the Asia Pacific during World War II that resulted to the idea of Britain’s betrayal of Australia in Singapore and in the whole of the Asian WWII conflict was also supported by other instances that saw Britain manipulating Australia and its resources without any consideration to the Australian government, the Australian sovereign ty and the Australian interests.Hamill talked about the incident wherein the returning Australian divisions from the Middle East was redirected, without approval from Australia, to Rangoon where Britain was hoping to save its interests in Burma, which was foiled since Australian Prime Minister Curtin directed the troopship to head straight for Australia instead . The presence of the sense of betrayal by Britain of Australia as a consequence of the 1942 Singapore debacleThe justification of the feeling of betrayal of Australia by Britain can be found in how analysts try to put together actions of both countries in international organizations involving the two. Most of the time, analysts point to the reason that Australia cannot again fully trust Britain especially when concerns involve security and military owing to the presumed betrayal by the British of its Australian allies in Singapore in 1942. For Australia’s resort to the 1951 ANZUS Pact has sometimes been seen as a deci sive turning away from Britain, the result of British betrayal at Singapore . † Critics believe that actions particularly that of Australia was always towards the minimalization of dependency on other countries, or forging alliances with countries except Britain. â€Å"ANZUS symbolised Australia's new-found willingness to enter agreements which excluded Britain . †The feeling of betrayal by Britain of Australia has an effect that rippled all the way across towards the more contemporary times. While some believed that the memory of the betrayal of Britain of Australia and its territorial interests in the global stage, there are also those who used the idea and feeling of betrayal of Britain of Australia as a rallying point for Australia to justify the movements that it is making today, pointing to a decision making paradigm that highlights important historical notes as a guide towards future political actions.One of which is the lesson of the betrayal and what Australia seeks to gain, and lose, when it trusts Britain again. The betrayal somewhat became an important cornerstone towards the growth of Australian nationalism in the country, among its people and its political leaders. â€Å"Keating’s parliamentary speech accusing Britain of betraying Australia at Singapore in 1942 displayed with dramatic clarity the influence of Jack Lang's aggressive Australianism . Oddly, when the news of how the Australian prime minister poked at the British government fifty years later about the betrayal in 1942 during the visit of the Queen of Britain, the focus of the news content was about how the Queen was treated disrespectfully, the news hardly making effort to defend the country from the accusations and was merely outraged by the scandalous treatment of their Queen. â€Å"The London tabloids are in a frenzy over Mr.Keating's charge that Britain abandoned Australia during World War II ,† while others took the instance to make political appraisal of Paul Keating, saying that â€Å"In his seemingly off-hand remarks about the monarchy and his tilt at Britain’s alleged betrayal of Australia in 1942, Paul Keating is moving to place himself firmly in the tradition of the great Labor Party nationalists†¦ nor has he forgotten Britain’s alleged sins of 1942 . †While some historians do not actually support Britain when it comes to the issue of the Singapore debacle in 1942, these writers also try to put into consideration the contribution of Australian forces defending Singapore, particularly the aspect of Australian desertions at the height of the efforts to save Singapore from Japanese forces and the number of surrendering Australian soldiers who easily surrendered and gave up the defense of Singapore.â€Å"Some British historians questioned the performance of Australian troops in Singapore†¦ hether Singapore could have been saved as late as 15 February, and whether Australian desertions accelerated the final surrender . † But some historians believed that the emotional repercussion resulting from the collapse of Singapore, particularly the feeling of betrayal, was not a very important issue at all, since the most important concern of Australia was not really the fall of Singapore but the fact that the Japanese forces are inching closer and closer to Australia. â€Å"Though these incidents created great ill-feeling at the time, the lasting damage done to Anglo-Australian relations was small.The differing reactions of Australia and New Zealand to the collapse of the Singapore strategy stemmed in part from the more immediate danger which the Japanese line of advance appeared to present to the Australians . † CONCLUSION Was Britain’s action in Singapore an act of betrayal tantamount to the concept of Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire? It looks like this is just the one and only time that the Australian government felt they were betrayed by Britain th at resulted to the loss of their former empire.If such was the case, then it can be argued that the Singapore collapse by Britain was indeed tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire. But as what information from related literary sources reveal, historians and politicians chose to attack Britain solely for the Singapore oversight and misdeed. It was rarely pointed as the turning point for the crumbling of the empire, or was the action synonymous to such similar vein of thought or idea.But at some degree, the proposition of similarity in the aspect of betrayal can be accepted, and can also be argued against as well. The act of betrayal by one country towards another country especially in time of dire need, like in times of war, is something which maybe heavily discussed and analysed in many different history books. But this does not mean that it makes it easy to identify if there was indeed an act of betrayal and which country was guilty of such act of betrayal.Fo r one, the concept of betrayal is very subjective and is very difficult to objectify since it is difficult to define a socially accepted concept of betrayal, given the existing situation. The resources and options available and the considerations that decision makers have to make upon reaching the decision which was to be the root of the controversy on the act betrayal. Secondly, the aspect of ethnocentricity will often eclipse or seriously affect the objectivity of historians and book authors tackling about this particular World War II issue.There will be Australian writers and historians who will insist that their country was indeed betrayed at Singapore in 1942 and that the action was tantamount to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire. While on the other hand, there will be British historians and writers who will say otherwise, that the British military action in Singapore in 1942 happened as it is after careful consideration of important priorities that somehow superc eded whatever it is that other people felt was left high and dry during this particular episode in the relationship of Australia and Britain.There will also be comments, analysis, comments and discussions about Britain’s actions in Singapore in 1942 and the possible interpretation of such action and how it is similar and leading to the Great Betrayal of Australia’s Empire coming from historians and writers who are neither British nor Australian, attacking the issue from a neutral standpoint sans the impact and effect of the sense of national pride or indignity and social justification.These were reflected earlier in the paper, as the paper, in the effort to discuss the different important sides of this issue, provided several different ideas about the issue lifted from related and credible literature. In hindsight, what can be deduced is that there was no shared opinion about how this particular event would be assessed and remembered.The split in the opinion about the presence of the act of betrayal hinged largely on the fact that neither the British nor the Australians would yield with regards to this particular issue, each country standing firm about its position that it did everything that was necessary to preserve a much greater goal and to achieve a more important objective.